Saami - Saami The Saami (there are other names for the same people, including Sámi, Lapp, Davvin, etc.) are an indigenous people of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, Siberia and the Kola peninsula in northern Russia. The Saami are one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Europe. They call their ancestral lands Sápmi. The population of about 85,000 are primarily farmers and reindeer herders. Roughly half the Saami population lives in Norway, although Sweden also has a significant group. Finland and Russia only have smaller groups. The Saami folk have inhabited northern regions of Scandinavia since far back into antiquity. The culture of the "Fenni," a tribe described by the Roman historian Tacitus, among others, as hunter-gatherers who dwelt in the lands north of the Baltic, is.
Saami language - Saami language The Saami languages are languages from the Finno-Ugric languages group, spoken by the Saami people of Lapland. In 2001 there were around ten known Saami languages. Six of these have a standard written language, the four others are literally not in use – i.e. there are fewer than 100 people that speak them. The six written languages are: Northern Saami (Norway, Sweden, Finland) This accounts for probably more than 75% of all Saami speakers in 2002. There have been a number of grammars for this dialect, but in 1948 a common grammar was created, and was last modified in 1985. It uses seven characters not found in Scandinavian or Finnish: a-acute (Á/á) c-caron (Č/č) d-stroke (Đ/đ) eng (Ŋ/ŋ) s-caron (Š/š) t-stroke (Ŧ/ŧ) z-caron (Ž/ž).
Saami music - Saami music The Saami (or Lapp, Laplanders) people live in the northern sections of Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Kola Peninsula (Karelia, Russia. They have long been culturally distinct from neighbors but have strong ties to the related people of Finland. Traditional Saami music revolves around singing. The only traditional instrument are drums, and purely instrumental music is unknown. Modern bands use a wide variety of instruments, especially the fiddle and accordion. Improvised, highly spiritual songs called joiks (North Saami: luohti; South Saami: vuolle) are the most characteristic song type. (The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.) Joiks do not rhyme, and have no definite structure. They are typically about any subject of importance to the singer, and.
Vegetarianism - is the main consequence they want to avoid, so they might eat animals raised under humane conditions or hunted in the wild. This is not considered true vegetarianism, but may be called semi-vegetarianism or Pesco/Pollo vegetarianism (see above). Many vegetarian advocates, however, like to make "vegetarianism" as broad and all-encompassing as possible. Larger vegetarian diet photo Motivations A person's decision to become a vegetarian may be influenced by a combination of factors. Religion: A majority of the world's vegetarians follow the practice for religious reasons. Many religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and especially Jainism, teach that ideally life should always be valued and not willfully destroyed for unnecessary human gratification. Many early Christians were vegetarian, including the Desert Fathers. Since then, the Trappist, Benedictine, and Carthusian orders have encouraged vegetarianism, as.
Kautokeino - Kautokeino The municipality Kautokeino (Guovdageaidnu in Saami) in the county of Finnmark, Norway, has 3,052 inhabitants as of January 1, 2002..
Karasjok - Karasjok The township and municipality Karasjok (Kárájohka in Saami) in the county of Finnmark, Norway, has 2,852 inhabitants as of January 1, 2002..
Kåfjord - Kåfjord The municipality Kåfjord (Gáivuotna in Saami) in the county of Troms, Norway, has 2,344 inhabitants as of January 1, 2002..
Karelia (republic) - ASSR. From 1940 it was made into the Karelo-Finnish SSR but was changed back to a ASSR in 1956. During the Continuation War in 1941 Finland occupied parts of the area but was forced to withdraw in 1944. The Republic of Karelia was formed on November 13, 1991. Geography Present-day Karelia is situated between Lake Ladoga in the southwest and the White Sea in the northeast. Culture See also: Saami music. The Karelian language is close to Finnish, and has in recent years become considered a dialect of Finnish. Finnish and Russian are the official languages of the republic. Demography Karelia is populated by Karelians (karjalaiset) and Russians. There are about 780,000 inhabitants in the Republic of Karelia, of whom 73% are registered as Russians, 11% as Karelians, and 3% as.
Joik - Joik Joik (or jojk in Swedish) is a traditional Saami form of song. Each joik is meant to reflect a person or place. It has traditionally sung a capella, but has recently sometimes been set to instruments. The tonality of joik is mostly pentatonic, but the joiker is at liberty to use any tones he or she pleases..
Indo-European languages - and its descendants, the Romance languages) Germanic languages Celtic languages Baltic languages Slavic languages Illyrian languages (extinct) Albanian language (and extinct cousins) Anatolian languages (extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites) Tocharian languages (extinct tongues of Tocharians) Greek language Armenian language (cf. Satem and Centum languages) Most spoken European-languages belong to the Indo-European superfamily. There are, however, language families which do not. The Finno-Ugric language family, which includes Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish and the languages of the Saami, is an example. The Caucasian language family is another. The Basque language is unusual in that it does not appear to be related to any known languages.. The Maltese language and Turkish are two examples of languages spoken in Europe which have definite non-European origins. Turkish being Turkic, and Maltese being largely.
Indigenous people - In response, many have pointed out that in many cases the indigenous people often haven't been living self-sufficiently in an area for centuries, and that economic development was not an issue before because it was not an option. They point out that when given a choice, indigenous people themselves often want economic development, and that this has indeed caused conflicts with environmental groups when indigenous peoples have been given title to land and then proceed to develop just like non-indigenous people. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that indigenous people are not necessarily any more self-sufficient or in tune with nature, and that indigenous peoples have themselves created environmental disasters such as Easter Island, Maya, or the disappearance of North American megafauna. For some people (e.g. indigenous communities from India, Brasil,.
ISO 8859 - Danish, Dutch (partial), English, Faeroese, Finnish (partial), French (partial), German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish, Spanish, Kurdish, and Swedish, as well as the African languages Afrikaans and Swahili. There is no Euro symbol. There is a small ÿ but the capital Ÿ is absent, presumably justified because ÿ is only used in French for the supported languages, and it had become traditional mostly not to place accents on capital letters in French. ISO 8859-2 (aka Latin-2) — supports those Central and Eastern European languages that use a Roman alphabet, including Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, and Hungarian. German is also supported. ISO 8859-3 (aka Latin-3 or "South European") — Turkish, Maltese, and Esperanto; largely superseded by ISO 8859-9 for Turkish and Unicode for Esperanto. ISO 8859-4 (aka Latin-4 or "North.
ISO 639 - per/fas fa Persian peo Persian, Old (ca 600 - 400 B.C.) phn Phoenician pol pl Polish pon Ponape por pt Portuguese pra Prakrit languages pro Provencal, Old (to 1500) pus ps Pushto Q que qu Quechua R roh rm Rhaeto-Romance raj Rajasthani rar Rarotongan roa Romance languages (Other) rum/ron ro Romanian rom Romany run rn Rundi rus ru Russian S sal Salishan languages sam Samaritan Aramaic smi Saami languages smo sm Samoan sad Sandawe sag sg Sango san sa Sanskrit srd Sardinian sco Scots sel Selkup sem Semitic languages (Other) scc/srp sr Serbian (sh) Serbo-Croatian srr Serer shn Shan sna sn Shona sid Sidamo bla Siksika snd sd Sindhi sin si Singhalese sit - Sino-Tibetan languages (Other) sio Siouan languages sla Slavic languages (Other) ssw ss Siswant (the same as Swati,.
ISO 8859-4 - the ISO 8859 standard. It was designed originally to cover Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Greenlandic, and Saami. It has been largely superseded by ISO 8859-10 and Unicode. ISO/IEC 8859-4 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 xA xB xC xD xE xF 0x unused 1x 2x SP exclamation mark double quote # dollar sign % & ' ( ) * + comma - full stop / 3x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 colon semicolon < = > question mark 4x @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5x P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \\ ] ^ _ 6x ` a b c d e f g h i.
History of Finland - to the 8000 BC. After 6500 BC the so called "Suomusjärvi culture", a hunter-gatherer society, spread over most of the country. Around 4200 BC the "Comb ceramic culture", known for their pottery, took over. This marks the beginning of the neolithic for Finland. It is believed that the proto-Finnish language spread to Finland at this time. Finnish and Sámi (Saami) — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language still widely in use is Estonian. After 2500 BC immigrants from south of the gulf of Finland settled in southern Finland. Their culture differed from the older as they used agriculture and animal husbandry. The neolithic cultures survived for some time. Further inland the.
Hnefatafl - with two teams of uneven strength. It has been mentioned in the Sagas and has ties to a Saami game, "Tablut", from Lapland. In some scholars' opinion, hnefataefl has been known in regions where Vikings had influence and not just Scandinavia exclusively. Rules The two-player game is played on a checkered board. The size or material of the board is irrelevant, but horizontal and vertical grating should be set up as odd pairs, ie. 9x9, 15x15, 19x19 etc, so that there is a central square. The most common setting is 9x9, where the attacking side has 16 pieces and the defender has 8 pieces plus one king in the middle square. All pieces can move any number of squares in a row. The king's side wins if the king manages to.
Underworld - mythology Chebeldei Kul Slavic mythology Crnobog Nyia Rusalka Sumerian mythology Edimmu Ekimmu Endukugga Enmesarra Ereshkigal Gidim Gula Irkalla Kur Namtar Nergal Neti Nindukugga Ninlil Urshanabi Ziusudra Syrian mythology Reshep Tamil mythology Cur Vodun Baron Cemetière Baron La Croix Baron Samedi Ghede Maman Brigitte Marassa Jumeaux Wagawaga mythology Tumudurere Yoruba mythology Oya Yurak mythology Nga Zuni mythology Uhepono.
February 6 - 1945 - Bob Marley, Jamaican roots rock reggae singer and musician (+ 1981) 1950 - Natalie Cole, singer 1951 - Princess Daphné of Belgium 1954 - Argusto Emfazie, occultist, author 1957 - Kathy Najimy, actress, comedian 1957 - Robert Townsend, comedian, actor, director, producer 1962 - Axl Rose, musician ("Guns N'Roses") 1975 - Svend-Allan Sørensen, danish conceptual artist" 1976 - Kim Zmeskal,U.S. gymnast Deaths 1685 - King Charles II of England 1793 - Carlo Goldoni, playwright 1916 - Rubén Darío, writer 1918 - Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter 1952 - King George VI of the United Kingdom 1976 - Vince Guaraldi, musician 1989 - Barbara Tuchman, historian 1991 - Danny Thomas, singer, comedia, actor 1993 - Arthur Ashe, tennis star 1993 - Joseph Mankiewicz, director, producer, writer 1994 - Jack Kirby, comic.
Finno-Ugric languages - The Finno-Ugric subfamily of the Uralic languages has the following members: Finno-permic Finno-cheremisic Finno-mordvinic Finno-Lappic Baltic Finnic: Finnish Estonian Karelian Meänkieli Veps - In danger of extinction Livonian - Almost extinct Votic - Almost extinct Izhorian - Almost extinct Ingrian Finnish Lappic Saami (or Lappish) Mordvin Erzya-Mordvin Moksha-Mordvin Mari or Cheremis Permic group: Udmurt or Votyak Komi-Permyak Komi-Zyrian Ugric Hungarian Ob Ugric Khanty or Ostyak, see Khant Mansi or Vogul.
Finnish - the closely related varieties spoken in Finland's neighbourhood, see Finno-Ugric languages: Veps, Izhorian, Ingrian, Karelian, Meänkieli [1] Finally, it can be a false translation from Scandinavian languages, where the concepts of Finns and Saamis haven't always been distinguished: Today Finn in the Norwegian language means a Saami..
