NORAD - NORAD NORAD is the North American Aerospace Defense Command. It is a joint United States and Canadian organization which provides aerospace warning and aerospace control for North America, and was founded on August 1, 1957. Aerospace warning or integrated tactical warning and attack assessment (ITW/AA) covers the monitoring of man-made objects in space, and the detection, validation, and warning of attack against North America by aircraft, missiles, or space vehicles. Aerospace control includes providing surveillance and control of Canadian and United States airspace. The organization is headed by a commander in chief (CINC) appointed by both the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Canada. The CINC is based at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado with the nearby Cheyenne Mountain Air Station the.
Iqaluit, Nunavut - mainland, and to the north of Hudson Bay. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqlalummuit (singular, Iqlalummuk). Begun as an American airbase in World War II, the population of the town of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW line, a system of radar stations, see NORAD) in the 1950s. On January 1, 1987, the name of this municipality was officially changed from "Frobisher Bay" to "Iqaluit", which means "place of many fish" in Inuktitut. See also: Canada List of cities in Canada List of communities in Nunavut Canadian provinces and territories External Link The Official City of Iqaluit Website Two-weeks in non-anglophonic Canada.
History of Canada - The Boer War Laurier hoped to unite French and English Canada in a unique sense of Canadian nationalism, rather than remain unquestionably loyal to Britain. Along with some Americans, he also hoped for a shift of focus towards North America, a policy often known as "continentalism." However, in 1899, the British immediately assumed Canada would send military support to the war in South Africa, and there was indeed enormous support for military action from English Canada. French Canada was, of course, strongly opposed to military support for Britain's imperialist wars. The opposition was led by Henri Bourassa, who, like Laurier, preferred a united, independent Canada. Bourassa denounced Laurier when Laurier eventually decided to allow a volunteer force to fight in the war, even though the other option would have been calling.
U.S.-Canada relations - studied plans to invade Canada in War Plan Red, albeit as a largely academic exercise. Following co-operation in the two World Wars, Canada and the United States lost much of their previous animosity. As Britain's influence as a global superpower declined, Canada and the US became extremely close partners. Defense U.S. defense arrangements with Canada are more extensive than with any other country. The Permanent Joint Board on Defense, established in 1940, provides policy-level consultation on bilateral defense matters. The United States and Canada share NATO mutual security commitments. In addition, U.S. and Canadian military forces have cooperated since 1958 on continental air defense within the framework of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Environmental issues The two countries also work closely to resolve transboundary environmental issues, an area of.
Huntsville, Alabama - by the Apollo program manned moon missions. Huntsville continues to play a key role in the United States' space shuttle and International Space Station programs; it is estimated that 1 in 13 of Huntsville's population are employed in some engineering line of work. Huntsville is also the location of the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM). Huntsville's contributions to United States Cold War missile armament and technology earned it a "red star" designation as a target of the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear exchange, fourth behind only New York City, Washington, DC, and NORAD. Before Huntsville earned the monkier "Rocket City" along with its rapid growth, it was known as the Watercress Capital of the World. Watercress grew along the stream from the Big Spring downtown. Table of contents.
United States armed forces - the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the Secretary of Defense report to the president, the national CINC. This profoundly changes the role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It now acts as a military advisory body for the President, without operational control of any regional command. In practice, the CINC advises both the Chairman and the Secretary as to conditions in his area of responsibility. Of course, the Secretary can deputize the Chairman to supervise the CINC, as happened in the Gulf War when Richard Cheney ordered Colin Powell to command Norman Schwarzkopf. On October 29, 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld ordered the use of the term CINC to be changed to the term "combatant commander" and immediately be used when referring to regional organizations (i.e. USCENTCOM) or "commander".
F2H Banshee - served during the Korean War with the 7th Fleet, initially as a fighter but as newer aircraft were introduced (such as the Grumman F9F and Douglas F3D) it took a photo-reconnaissance role. The F2H-3 was the last significant alteration. It had an extended fuselgae to increase fuel load by 1,102 gallons. It was also fitted with radar equipment to enable the craft for all-weather missions. The radar was in the longer nose nose, moving the cannon into the fuselage. Production ended in September 1953 with almost 900 aircraft built. The interest from the RCN to replace the Hawker Sea Fury with the F2H-3 in a 60 aircraft $40 million deal had initially been for new aircraft. Budget problems meant that the RCN eventually acquired second-hand USN aircraft, 39 at a cost.
EMERGCON - confirmed by a unified commander or higher authority. Air Defense Emergency: A major hostile attack by aircraft or missiles seems probable, is imminent, or is taking place on the continental United States, Canada, or Greenland. This declaration is made by the Commander in Chief of NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command). Although the United States military has gone into defense readiness various times (such as the Cuban Missile Crisis), it has never had a major EMERGCON (the somewhat regularly occurring suicide bombings in the Middle East were probably not considered major attacks on allied forces), except possibly during the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon..
1958 in Canada - Pearson as leader of the Liberal Party March 31 - John Diefenbaker leads the Tory party to a massive election victory. May 12 - The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) agreement is signed between the United States and Canada. July 1 - Canada-wide television broadcasting starts July 16 - Duff Roblin sworn in as premier of Manitoba Spring Hill Mine Disaster occurs Department of Physical Education started at the University of Saskatchewan Golden Retriever Club of Canada is founded Grey Cup - Winnipeg Blue Bombers win 35-28 over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats Stanley Cup - Montreal Canadiens win 4-2 over the Boston Bruins Springhill, Nova Scotia coal mine disaster happens. Seventy-four miners killed. Arts and Literature New Works John Kenneth Gailbraith's The Afluent Society Farley Mowat's Coppermine Journey: An Account of.
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - implementation issues. History Throughout the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the United States had been developing a series of missile systems with the ability to shoot down incoming ICBM warheads. During this period the US maintained a lead in the number and sophistication of their delivery systems, and considered the defense of the US as a part of reducing the overall damage inflicted in a full nuclear exchange. As part of this defence, Canada and the US established the North American Air Defense Command (now called NORAD). By the early 1960s the US research on the Nike Zeus missile system (see Project Nike) had developed to the point where small improvements would allow it to be used as the basis of a "real" ABM system. Work started on a short.
August 1 - Korea. 1895 - El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Central American Union. 1902 - The United States buys the rights to the Panama Canal from France. 1909 - United States Army Air Corps founded. 1914 - Germany declares war on Russia. 1917 - Battle of Third Ypres. 1927 - Formation of the People's Liberation Army. 1936 - The Berlin Olympic Games are opened. 1941 - The first Jeep is produced. 1943 - PT-109, with Lieutenant John F. Kennedy aboard, sinks. 1944 - Anne Frank makes the last entry in her diary. 1944 - An uprising against the Nazi occupation breaks out in Warsaw, Poland. 1950 - King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates. 1957 - The United States and Canada form the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). 1964 - North.
Biosecurity - an example of which is the Biosafety Protocol. These are claimed to minimize the exposure of people and natural ecologies to alien organisms via trade or warfare. In 2001 serious weaknesses in the U.S.'s border controls were exposed, which allowed the destruction of the World Trade Center in Manhattan on September 11, 2001 by terrorists. Following that there were several anthrax attacks on U.S. media and government outlets, and many concurrent hoaxes around the world. These combined to convince many professionals that serious structural reforms, national and/or regional border controls, and a single co-ordinated system of biohazard response was required for that region. US Corporate investment in all forms of physical security has expanded steadily in recent decades on news of hijackings, hostage crises, bombings, office shootings, kidnappings and employee lawsuits..
Bunker - and World War II. In the 1950s, the bunker became part of Americana culture. A famous bunker is the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Some installations are giant underground complexes. The Soviet Union maintained huge bunkers during the Cold War. In Albania, the paranoid communist dictatorship of Enver Hoxha littered the small country with 500,000 - 700,000 bunkers. Another type of bunkers is a little concrete post, partly dug into the ground, which is usually a part of a trenches system. Such bunkers are ment to give the defending soldiers better protection than the open trench and also include top protection against aerial attack (grenades, mortar's shells). The front bunker of a trench system usually include machine guns or mortars and form a domainant shooting post. The Rear bunkers are.
Canadian Forces - based in Edmonton. In each command (except Atlantic), regular force troops comprising a mechanized brigade group (CMBG) are supported by reserve forces in nine brigade groups. Regular forces in the Atlantic command are based in the Combat Training School at Gagetown. CF Maritime Command Canadian naval forces are deployed through bases in Esquimault BC on the west coast and in Halifax NS on the east coast. The Canadian fleet is comprised of 12 multi-role patrol frigates, 4 area air defence destroyers, 4 long-range patrol submarines and 12 coastal defence vessels, supported by supply ships, surveillance aircraft and anti-sub helicopters. The vessels are more or less evenly divided between the two bases. CF Air Command CF air wings are located at 13 bases across Canada under the direction of 1-Canadian Air Division.
Chris Hadfield - in Kingston, Ontario. He trained as a pilot in the Canadian Armed Forces and was top graduate in his Jet Training class in 1983. After flying CF-18 fighter jets for NORAD for three years, he attended the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, in California. His work then turned to research and test as an exchange officer at Strike Test Directorate with the U. S. Navy. In 1993, Chris successfully competed with more than 5300 applicants to join the space program, and was assigned to NASA Johnson Space Center For 25 shuttle missions, Chris was "the voice of mission control," the Chief CAPCOM for NASA. For his first shuttle mission in 1995, Chris was Mission Specialist #1 on the Atlantis, operating the Canadarm for NASA's second space shuttle.
Cheyenne Mountain - as Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station (CMAFS). CMAFS is host to four commands: North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), and Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). CMOC serves as the command center for both NORAD and USNORTHCOM. It is the central collection and coordination center for a worldwide system of satellites, radars, and sensors that provide early warning of any missile, air, or space threat to North America. Supporting the NORAD mission, CMOC provides warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America, assists the air sovereignty mission for the U.S. and Canada, and if necessary, serves as the focal point for air defense operations to counter enemy bombers or cruise missiles. In addition, CMOC also provides theater ballistic missile warning.
WarGames - Broderick in his first major film role as David Lightman, Ally Sheedy as Jennifer Mack, Dabney Coleman as John McKittrick, and John Wood as Stephen Falken. In the film Broderick, a hacker, manages to gain access to the NORAD military artificial intelligence computer system called WOPR (War Operations Plan and Response) that can control the United States' arsenal of ICBMs. The teenager, unaware of the machine's real purpose, discovers what he believes to be a simulation game called "Global Thermonuclear War" and begins to "play." Unbeknownst to him, WOPR sets in motion preparations for a real attack against the Soviet Union. With the aid of the machine's creator (Wood), disaster is narrowly averted when the hacker manages to teach WOPR about the futility of war by getting it to play endless.
SAGE - system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s. It is generally considered to be one of the most advanced and successful large computer systems ever developed, especially for its day. By the time it was fully operational the Soviet bomber threat had been replaced by the Soviet missile threat, for which SAGE was entirely inadequate. Nevertheless, SAGE was tremendously important; it led to huge advances in online systems and interactive computing, real-time computing, and data communications using modems. IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the Whirlwind) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background.
September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for the day of the attacks - Washington Dulles International Airport for Los Angeles, California. 8:13 AM: American Airlines Flight 11 is hijacked at approximately this time - the first plane taken over. 8:20 AM: Boston center flight controllers decide that flight 11 has probably been hijacked. 8:25 AM: Boston center flight controllers alert other flight control centers regarding flight 11; however, NORAD is not yet alerted. 8:37 AM: United Airlines Flight 175 sights and confirms the sighting of hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 to flight controllers, 10 miles to its south. 8:40 AM: The FAA notifies NORAD about the suspected hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11. ''Some sources indicate that this notification may have occurred as early as 8:31 AM. Whether at 8:40 or 8:31, the delay in time of Boston center talking to NORAD about flight.
Red Dawn - the year 1984. The USSR declared war on the United States. Soviet troops invaded the U.S. through three points. The first attack force arrived from Cuba. There, Soviet paratroopers landed and occupied areas. The second invasion force, the main force, orginated from Mexico, presumably a Soviet ally. The last attack force—the smallest—parachuted in from the western coast. NORAD, the defense system the U.S. had created with Canada, detected the invasion. All U.S. major forces however only concentrated in dealing with the Texan invasion. The southeast United States, the site of the Cuban Soviet invasion, seems to have little U.S. military action. The plot revolves around how several high school students fared in the war. They called themselves the Wolverines after their school's mascot..
