Table of Chinese monarchs

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Below is a list of Chinese sovereigns. Between the Qin and the Qing dynasty sovereigns who ruled an unified China were known as Emperor - huang di 皇帝 huang2 di4. Before the Qin, the title of a sovereign was wang 王 wang2 which is translated as king.
Only the most recognized posthumous or temple names were used for all tables of sovereigns and referencing. For example, many kings of the Ten Kingdoms in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had tiresome posthumous names consisted of 10 to 20 Chinese characters. Why bother quoting them while only clear referencing is needed.

Xia Dynasty



Sovereigns of Xia Dynasty
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)
Convention: posthumous name
Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info.
Yu|禹 yu3 or Xia Yu|夏禹 xia4 yu3 or Da Yu|大禹 da4 yu3
Qi|啟 qi3
Tai Kang|太康 tai4 kang1
Zhong Kang|仲康 zhong4 kang1
Xiang|相 xiang4
Shao Kang|少康 shao4 kang1 or Xia Shao Kang|夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1
Zhu|杼 zhu4
Huai|槐 huai2
Mang|芒 mang2
Xie|泄 xie4
Bu Jiang|不降 bu4 jiang4
Jiong|扃 jiong1
Jin|廑 ( Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4 )
Kong Jia|孔甲 kong3 jia3
Gao|皋 gao1
Fa|發 fa1
Jie|桀 jie2 or Xia Jie|夏桀 xia4 jie2 or Luu Gui|履癸 luu3 gui3

Shang Dynasty



Sovereigns of Shang Dynasty
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)
Convention: posthumous name
Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. 2) Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to frequent appearances of the Heavenly Stems (Tian Gan|天干 tian1 gan1).
Tang|湯 tang1 or Shang Tang|商湯 shang1 tang1
Wai Bing|外丙 wai4 bing3
Zhong Ren|仲壬 zhong4 ren2
Tai Jia|太甲 tai4 jia3
Wo Ding|沃丁 wo4 ding1
Tai Geng|太庚 tai4 geng1
Xiao Jia|小甲 xiao3 jia3
Yong Ji|雍己 yong1 ji3
Tai Wu|太戊 tai4 wu4
Zhong Ding|仲丁 zhong4 ding1
Wai Ren|外壬 wai4 ren2
He Dan Jia|河亶甲 he2 dan3 jia3
Zu Yi|祖乙 zu3 yi3
Zu Xin|祖辛 zu3 xin1
Wo Jia|沃甲 wo4 jia3
Zu Ding|祖丁 zu3 ding1
Nan Geng|南庚 nan2 geng1
Yang Jia|陽甲 yang2 jia3
Note: As Shang finally settled down at Yin (殷 yin1). The period of Shang Dynasty starting from Pang Geng (盤庚 pang2 geng1) is also frequently referred to as the Yin Dynasty.
Pang Geng|盤庚 pang2 geng1
Xiao Xin|小辛 xiao3 xin1
Xiao Yi|小乙 xiao3 yi3
Wu Ding|武丁 wu3 ding1
Zu Geng|祖庚 zu3 geng1
Zu Jia|祖甲 zu3 jia3
Lin Xin|廩辛 lin3 xin1
Kang Ding|康丁 kang1 ding1
Wu Yi|武乙 wu3 yi3
Tai Ding|太丁 tai4 ding1 or Wen Ding|文丁 wen2 ding1
Di Yi|帝乙 di4 yi3
Di Xin|帝辛 di4 xin1 or Zhou|紂 zhou4 or Zhou Xin|紂辛 zhou4 xin1 or Zhou Wang|紂王zhou4 wang2
Note: King Zhou could also referred to as adding Shang (商 shang1) in front of any of his names.

Zhou Dynasty



Sovereigns of Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C-256 B.C
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns
Convention: "Zhou" + posthumous name
Note: all dates are approximate util the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info.
Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C-771 B.C
武王 wu3 wang2 Ji Fa|姬發 ji1 fa1 1122 B.C-1116 B.C
成王 cheng2 wang2 Ji Song|姬誦 ji1 song4 1115 B.C-1079 B.C
康王 kang1 wang2 Ji Zhao|姬釗 ji1 zhao1 1078 B.C-1053 B.C
昭王 zhao1 wang2 Ji Xia|姬瑕 ji1 xia2 1052 B.C-1002 B.C
穆王 mo4 wang2 Ji Man|姬滿 ji1 man3 1001 B.C-947 B.C
共王 gong1 wang2 Ji Yi-Hu|姬繄扈 ji1 yi1 hu4 946 B.C-935 B.C
懿王 yi4 wang2 Ji Jian|姬(喜replaces隹in 難) ji1 jian1 934 B.C-910 B.C
孝王 xiao4 wang2 Ji Man|姬辟方 ji1 pi4 fang1 909 B.C-895 B.C
夷王 yi2 wang2 Ji Xie|姬燮 ji1 xie4 894 B.C-879 B.C
厲王 li4 wang2 Ji Hu|姬胡 ji1 hu2 878 B.C-841 B.C
The Duumvirate 841 B.C-828 B.C
宣王 xuan1 wang2 Ji Jing|姬靜 ji1 jing4 827 B.C-782 B.C
幽王 you1 wang2 Ji Gong Sheng|姬宮湦 ji1 gong1 sheng1 781 B.C-771 B.C
Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty 770 B.C-256 B.C
平王 ping2 wang2 Ji Yi Jiu|姬宜臼 ji1 yi2 jiu4 770 B.C-720 B.C
桓王 huan2 wang2 Ji Lin|姬林 ji1 lin2 719 B.C-697 B.C
春秋時代 (chun1 qiu1 shi2 dai4) Spring and Autumn Period 722 B.C-481 B.C
莊王 zhuang1 wang2 Ji Tuo|姬佗 ji1 tuo2 696 B.C-682 B.C
Li Wang|釐王 li2 wang2 or Xi Wang|(僖 or 禧) 王 (xi1 or xi3) wang2 Ji Hu Qi|姬胡齊 ji1 hu2 qi2 681 B.C-677 B.C
惠王 hui4 wang2 Ji Lang|姬閬 ji1 ( Guoyu: lang3 or Putonghua: lang4) 676 B.C-652 B.C
襄王 xiang1 wang2 Ji Zheng|姬鄭 ji1 zheng4 651 B.C-619 B.C
頃王 qing3 wang2 Ji Ren Chen|姬壬臣 ji1 ren2 chen2 618 B.C-613 B.C
匡王 kuang1 wang2 Ji Ban|姬班 ji1 ban1 612 B.C-607 B.C
定王 ding4 wang2 Ji Yu|姬瑜 ji1 yu2 606 B.C-586 B.C
簡王 jian3 wang2 Ji Yi|姬夷 ji1 yi2 585 B.C-572 B.C
靈王 ling2 wang2 Ji Xie Xin|姬泄心 ji1 xie4 xin1 571 B.C-545 B.C
景王 jing3 wang2 Ji Gui|姬貴 ji1 gui4 544 B.C-521 B.C
悼王 dao4 wang2 Ji Meng|姬猛 ji1 meng3 520 B.C
敬王 jing4 wang2 Ji Gai|姬丐 ji1 gai4 519 B.C-476 B.C
元王 yuan2 wang2 Ji Ren|姬仁 ji1 ren2 475 B.C-469 B.C
貞定王 zhen1 ding4 wang2 Ji Jie|姬介 ji1 jie4 468 B.C-442 B.C
哀王 ai1 wang2 Ji Qu Ji|姬去疾 ji1 qu4 ji2 441 B.C
思王 xi1 wang2 Ji Shu|姬叔 ji1 shu2 441 B.C
考王 kao3 wang2 Ji Wei|姬嵬 ji1 wei2 440 B.C-426 B.C
威烈王 wei1 lie4 wang2 Ji Wu|姬午 ji1 wu3 425 B.C-402 B.C
戰國時代(zhan4 guo2 shi2 dai4) Period of the Warring states 403 B.C-221 B.C
安王 an1 wang2 Ji Jiao|姬驕 ji1 jiao1 401 B.C-376 B.C
烈王 lie4 wang2 Ji Xi|姬喜 ji1 xi3 375 B.C-369 B.C
顯王 xian3 wang2 Ji Bian|姬扁 ji1 bian3 368 B.C-321 B.C
慎靚王 shen4 jing4 wang2 Ji Ding|姬定 ji1 ding4 320 B.C-315 B.C
赧王 nan3 wang2 Ji Yan|姬延 ji1 yan2 314 B.C-256 B.C
惠王 hui4 wang2 ? 255 B.C-249 B.C
Note: nobles of the Ji family proclaim Hui Wang as the successor to the dynasty after Luoyang fell to Qin. However the resistance did not last long when Qin army advanced southwards. So Zhou Nan Wang was widely considered as the last emperor of Zhou.

Qin Dynasty



Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C-207 B.C
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: Qin Zhao Shang Wang (秦昭襄王 qin2 zhao1 xiang1 wang2) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhao Shang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang Di was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
Zhao Xiang Wang|昭襄王 zhao1 xiang1 wang2 Ying Ze|嬴則 ying2 ze2 or Ying Ji|嬴稷 ying2 ji4 255 B.C-250 B.C
Xiao Wen Wang|孝文王 xiao4 wen2 wang2 Ying Zhu|嬴柱 ying2 zhu4 250 B.C
Zhuang Xiang Wang|莊襄王 zhuang1 xiang1 wang2 Ying Zi Chu|嬴子楚 ying2 zi5 chu3 249 B.C-247 B.C
始皇帝 shi3 huang2 di4 Ying Zheng|嬴政 ying2 zheng4 246 B.C-210 B.C
Er Shi|二世 er4 shi4 Ying Hu Hai|嬴胡亥 ying2 hu2 hai4 209 B.C-207 B.C
Zi Ying was often referred using personal name or Qin Wang Zi Ying (秦王子嬰 qin2 wang2 zi5 ying1)
Did not exist Ying Zi Ying|嬴子嬰 ying2 zi5 ying1 207 B.C

Han Dynasty



Han Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C-9 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1) 206 B.C-195 B.C Did not exist
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2) 194 B.C-188 B.C Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 188 B.C-184 B.C Did not exist
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 184 B.C-180 B.C Did not exist
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2) 179 B.C-157 B.C Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C-156 B.C
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3) 156 B.C-141 B.C Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C-143 B.C
   Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C-141 B.C
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4) 140 B.C- 87 B.C Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C-135 B.C
   Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C-129 B.C


   Yuanshuo (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C-123 B.C


   Yuanshou (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C-117 B.C


   Yuanding (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C-111 B.C


   Yuanfeng (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C-105 B.C


   Taichu   (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C-101 B.C


   Tianhan  (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C-97 B.C


   Taishi   (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C-93 B.C


   Zhenghe  (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C-89 B.C


   Houyuan  (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C-87 B.C
Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4) Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2) 86 B.C- 74 B.C Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C-80 B.C
   Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C-75 B.C


   Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C
Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4) 74 B.C Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4) Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2) 73 B.C- 49 B.C Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C-70 B.C
   Dijie  (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C-66 B.C


   Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C-61 B.C


   Shenjue (神爵 shen2 jue2)  61 B.C-58 B.C


   Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C-54 B.C


   Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C-50 B.C


   Huanglong   (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4) 48 B.C- 33 B.C Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C-44 B.C
   Yongguang  (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C-39 B.C


   Jianzhao (建昭 jian4 zhao1)  38 B.C-34 B.C


   Jingning (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2) 32 B.C-7 B.C Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C-28 B.C
   Heping  (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C-25 B.C


   Yangshuo(陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C-21 B.C


   Hongjia (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C-17 B.C


   Yongshi (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C-13 B.C


   Yuanyan (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C-9 B.C


   Suihe (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C-7 B.C
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1) 6 B.C-1 B.C Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C-3 B.C
   Yuanshou (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C-1 B.C
Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4) Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4) 1-5 Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5
Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1) 6-8 Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8
   Chushi (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8
the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang 9-23 Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13
   Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19


   Dihuang (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23
Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4) Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2) 23-25 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4) Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4) 25-57 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56
   Jianwuzhongyuan  (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1) 58-75 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75
Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4) Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2) 76-88 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84
   Yuanhe  (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87


   Zhanghe (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88
He Di (和帝 he2 di4) Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4) 89-105 Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105
   Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2) 106 Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4) 106-125 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113
   Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120


   Yongning(永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121


   Jianguang (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122


   Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2) Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4) 125 Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125
Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4) Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2) 125-144 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132
   Yangjia  (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135


   Yonghe   (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141


   Hanan    (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144


   Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144
Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4) Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3) 144-145 Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145
Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4) Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3) 145-146 Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146
Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4) Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3) 146-168 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149
   Heping   (和平 he2 ping2) 150


   Yuanjia  (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153


   Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154


   Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158


   Yanxi    (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167


   Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167
Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4) Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2) 168-189 Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172
   Xiping   (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178


   Guanghe  (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184


   Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4) 189 Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189
   Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189
Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4) Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2) 189-220 Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189
   Chuping  (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193


   Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195


   Jianan   (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220


   Yankang  (延康 yan2 kang1) 220

Three Kingdoms Period



Three Kingdoms Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 220-226 Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 226-239 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233
   Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237


   Jingchu  (景初 jing3 chu1)  237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 239-254 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249
   Jiaping  (嘉平 jia1 ping2)  249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 254-260 Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256
   Ganlu     (甘露 gan1 lu4)     256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 260-265 Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264
   Xianxi   (咸熙 xian2 xi1)   264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) 劉備 (liu2 bei4) 221-223 Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) 223-263 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237
   Yanxi     (延熙 yan2 xi1)    238-257


   Jingyao   (景耀 jing3 yao4)  258-263


   Yanxing   (炎興 yan2 xing1)  263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) 孫權 sun1 quan2 222-252 Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229
   Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231


   Jiahe     (嘉禾 jia1 he2)     232-238


   Chiwu     (赤烏 chi4 wu1)     238-251


   Taiyuan   (太元 tai4 yuan2)   251-252


   Shenfeng  (神鳳 shen2 feng4)  252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 252-258 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253
   Wufeng    (五鳳 wu3 feng4)   254-256


   Taiping   (太平 tai4 ping2)  256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1 258-264 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4 264-280 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265
   Ganlu     (甘露 gan1 lu4)     265-266


   Baoding   (寶鼎 bao3 ding3)   266-269


   Jianheng  (建衡 jian4 heng2)  269-271


   Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274


   Tiance    (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276


   Tianxi    (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276


   Tianji    (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty



Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290 Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274
   Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280


   Taikang  (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289


   Taixi    (太熙 tai4 xi1)   290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 290-306 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290
   Yongping (永平 yong3 ping)  291


   Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299


   Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301


   Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302


   Taian    (太安 tai4 an1)    302-303


   Yongan   (永安 yong3 an1)   304


   Jianwu   (建武 jian4 wu3)   304


   Yongan   (永安 yong3 an1)   304


   Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306


   Guangxi  (光熙 guang1 xi1)  306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4) Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 317-322 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318
   Daxing    (大興 da4 xing1)    318-321


   Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 322-325 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323
   Taining   (太寧 tai4 ning2)   323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 325-342 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325
   Xianhe   (咸和 xian2 he2)   326-334


   Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 342-344 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 345-361 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356
   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 361-365 Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363
   Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 365-371 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 371-372 Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 372-396 Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375
   Taiyuan  (太元 tai4 yuan2)  376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 396-418 Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401
   Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1)     402-404


   Yixi     (義熙 yi4 xi1)         405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 419-420 Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period



Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 304-310 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308
   Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309


   Herui    (河瑞 he2 rui4)    309-310
Did not exist Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 7 days in 310 Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 310-318 Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311
   Jiaping   (嘉平 jia1 ping2)   311-315


   Jianyuan  (建元 jian4 yuan2)  315-316


   Linjia    (麟嘉 lin2 jia1)    316-318
Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 318-329 Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 319-333 Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328
   Taihe    (太和 tai4 he2)    328-330


   Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 333-334 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333
   Yanxi    (延熙 yan2 xi1)    334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349
   Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2)   349
Did not exist Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 73 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 183 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 103 days within 349-350 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Li Te|李特 li3 te4 303 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 303-334 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305
   Yanping  (晏平 yan4 ping2)  305-311


   Yuheng   (玉衡 yu4 heng2)   311-334
Did not exist Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 7 months in 334 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 334-338 Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 338-343 Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 343-347 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346
   Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 337-348 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 348-360 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353
   Yuanxi    (元璽 yuan2 xi3)        353-357


   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357


   Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4)     357-360
Did not exist You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 360-370 Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365
   Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 384-396 Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385
   Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 396-398 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 398-401 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398
   Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4)  399-401
Did not exist Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 401-407 Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406
   Jianshi  (建始 jian4 shi3)  407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 398-405 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400
   Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 405-410 Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 407-409 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 409-430 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 430-436 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 320-324 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 324-346 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 346-353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 353-355 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354
   Heping   (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 355-363 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361
   Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 364-376 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 386-399 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389
   Lunjia  (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396


   Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 399 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 399-401 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 401-403 Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 397-399 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 399-402 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2 402-414 Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404
   Jiaping   (嘉平 jia1 ping2)   409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist Did not exist Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 397-401 Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399
   Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412
   Xuanshi   (玄始 xuan2 shi3)   412-428


   Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430


   Yihe      (義和 yi4 he2)      430-433
Did not exist Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 433-439 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 442-444 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443
   Qianshou  (乾壽 qian2 shou4)  443-444
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 444-460 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 400-417 Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405
   Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1)   406-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 417-420 Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 420-421 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4