Orthomolecular medicine - Orthomolecular medicine Orthomolecular medicine emphasises the use of natural substances found in a healthy diet such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and essential fats in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Orthomolecular medicine focuses on the role of proper nutrition in relation to health. Nutrition comes first in medical diagnoses and treatment and drug treatment is used only for specific indications. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of nutrients are seen as inadequate, given the individuality of patients’ genetic disposition and the interaction of the environment. Often supplementation with relatively large doses of vitamins is given and the name megavitamin therapy has become popularly associated with the field. The substances may be administered by diet, dietary supplementation or intravenously. Many conventional doctors disregard the concepts of orthomolecular medicine.
Vitamin C - in mammals and perching birds. The loss of an enzyme concerned with ascorbic acid synthesis has occurred quite frequently in evolution and has affected at least some fish, many birds; some bats, guinea pigs and most but not all primates, including Man. The mutations have not been lethal because ascorbic acid is so prevalent in the surrounding food sources. Table Showing Abundance of Vitamin C in Raw Foods of Animal Origin Raw animal tissue Mg vitamin C per 100 grams of tissue Beef liver 31 Oysters 30 Pork liver 23 Calf liver 36 Artificial chemical synthesis Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes. The Reichstein process developed in the 1930s uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route. The more modern Two-Step fermentation process was originally.
Linus Pauling - amenable to this technique than the crystalline minerals of his former work. The best X-ray pictures of proteins in the 1930s had been made by the British crystallographer William Astbury, but when Pauling tried, in 1937, to account for Astbury's observations quantum mechanically, he could not. It took eleven years for Pauling to explain the problem: His mathematical analysis was correct, but Astbury's pictures were taken in such a way that the protein molecules were tilted from their expected positions. Pauling had formulated a model for the structure of hemoglobin in which atoms were arranged in a helical pattern, and applied this idea to proteins in general. This helical arrangement suggested the double helix proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick for desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and Pauling had come close to.
King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry - King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry King's College School of Medicine is an educational establishment associated with King's College, originally based at King's College Hospital (Denmark Hill, South London). In August 1998 the school joined with Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals (both on the south bank of the Thames in central London) following the merger with UMDS (United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and Thomas's). The combined entity is now often referred to as The GKT School of Medicine. It is the largest medical school in the United Kingdom, with an annual undergraduate intake of 360 students. External Link GKT website.
Internal medicine - Internal medicine Internal medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of internal diseases, that is, those that is, those which affect internal organs or the body as a whole. There is some overlap between internal medicine and primary care (or family medicine). A physician who practices internal medicine is an internist. Topics in Internal medicine cardiology coronary heart disease -- cardiac arrhythmias -- heart attack -- ischaemic heart disease -- more gastroenterology oesophagus achalasia -- Barrett's disease -- cancer of oesophagus -- heart burn -- hiatus hernia -- reflux oesophagitis -- oesophageal pouch stomach cancer of stomach -- gastric ulcer -- Helicobacter pylori small bowel giardia -- coeliac disease -- Crohn's disease -- lymphoma -- Meckel's diverticulum -- malabsorption pancreas carcinoma of pancreas -- cystic fibrosis.
Intensive care medicine - Intensive care medicine Intensive care medicine or critical care medicine is concerned with providing greater than ordinary medical care and observation to people in a critical or unstable condition. People requiring intensive care include those after major surgery, with severe head trauma, life-threatening acute illness, respiratory insufficiency, coma, haemodynamic insufficiency, severe fluid imblance or with the failure of one or more of the major organ systems (life-critical systems or others). It is generally the most expensive, high technology and resource intensive area of medical care. It is offered only to those whose condition is retrievable and who have a good chance of surviving with intensive care aid, the issue is whether treatment will "prolong life or prolong suffering". People are not admitted to ICU to die. Intensive care.
Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota - Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota Yellow Medicine County is a county located in the U.S. State of Minnesota. As of 2000, the population is 11,080. Its county seat is Granite Falls6. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Cities and towns Geography \nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,977 km² (763 mi²). 1,963 km² (758 mi²) of it is land and 14 km² (5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.71% water. Demographics \nAs of the census2 of 2000, there are 11,080 people, 4,439 households, and 2,974 families residing in the county. The population density is 6/km² (15/mi²). There are 4,873 housing units at an average density of 2/km² (6/mi²). The racial makeup of the county.
Institute of Medicine - Institute of Medicine The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n.d.). In 2004, in the middle of a rising national conflict in the United States on the possibility of public health insurance, the Insitute made the major news media by recommending unequivocally that the nation implement universal health coverage by the year 2010. References National Academy of Science. (n.d.). IOM about. Retrieved January 15, 2004. Stein, R. (2004). National science panel urges universal health coverage by 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2004..
Iron deficiency (medicine) - Iron deficiency (medicine) Iron deficiency is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency. In the human body, iron is present in all cellss and has several vital functions -- as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin, as a facilitator of oxygen use and storage in the muscles as myoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. Too little iron can interfere with these vital functions and lead to morbidity and mortality. The direct consequence of iron deficiency is iron deficiency anemia. Groups that are most prone to developing this disease are children, and pre-menopausal women. Total body iron averages approximately.
Vegetarianism - and its derivatives, like cheese, butter or yoghurt. Similarly ovo-vegetarians presumably only eat eggs in addition to their otherwise strictly vegetarian regimen. Pesco vegetarianism refers to the increasingly common practice of occasionally including some seafood, primarily fish, in one's diet. This is the diet practiced, with occasional supplementation of dairy products, by the integrated medicine practitioner Andrew Weil, M.D. and advocated by his books Eating Well for Optimum Health. (This is not true vegetarianism) In the United States, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism; and will sometimes be assumed to tolerate some meat, for instance, chicken (or "at least" fish). It is also possible to order a vegetarian meal and be served meat. In the UK, due to its sizeable Hindu minority, vegetarianism often refers to the Hindu practice described.
Karl Pearson - when it was offered in 1920, and also a Knighthood in 1935. Pearson's views on eugenics, however, would be considered deeply racist today. According to a [[BBC] report on the history of genetics], "Pearson was a fanatic - a cold, calculating measurer of man who claimed to be a socialist, but loathed the working class." Pearson openly advocated "war" against "inferior races," and saw this as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view -- and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "-- is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external.
Karl Von Frisch - Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. A professor of zoology at Munich, Germany, he studied the senses of bees, identified their mechanisms of communication and showed their sensitivity to ultraviolet light..
Veterinary science - Veterinary science Veterinary medicine is the application of medical diagnostic and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, and wildlife animals. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 Education in Veterinary Medicine 3 Some Schools of Veterinary Medicine (external links) 3.1 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Australia 3.2 School of Veterinary Medicine in Austria 3.3 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Canada 3.4 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in France 3.5 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Germany 3.6 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Great Britain 3.7 School of Veterinary Medicine in Ireland 3.8 School of Veterinary Medicine in the Netherlands 3.9 School of Veterinary Medicine in New Zealand 3.10 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Sweden 3.11 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in Switzerland 3.12 Schools of Veterinary Medicine in the United States Introduction.
Karolinska Institute - medical university in Stockholm, Sweden. It is the largest single institution of higher education in medicine in the world. A committee of the institute appoints the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Karolinska Hospital is associated with the university as a teaching hospital. See also Stockholm University Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm School of Economics List of universities in Sweden.
Karl August Varnhagen von Ense - German biographer, was born at Düsseldorf. He studied medicine at Berlin, but devoted more attention to philosophy and literature, which he afterwards studied more thoroughly at Halle and Tübingen. He began his literary career in 1804 as joint-editor with Adelbert von Chamisso. He made some reputation as an imaginative and critical writer, but he is famous chiefly as a biographer. He possessed a remarkable power of grouping facts so as to bring out their essential significance, and his style is distinguished for its strength, grace and purity. Among his principal works are: Goethe in den Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden (1824) Biographische Denkmale (5 vols., 1824-30; 3rd ed., 1872) biographies of General von Seydlits (1834), Sophia Charlotte, queen ot Prussia (1837), Field-Marshal Schwerin (1841), Field-Marshal Keith (1844), and General Billow von Dennewitz (1853)..
Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli - known as chromosomes. Nägeli was born in Kilchberg near Zürich. He studied medicine in Zürich and began working with Manfred Schleiden in 1840. In 1849 he became professor in Zürich, and in 1857 moved to Munich to become professor of botany. Nägeli died on May 10, 1891, in Munich..
Karl Jaspers - in philosophy although his father's experience with the legal system undoubtedly influenced his decision to study law at university. It soon became clear that law was not something Jaspers particularly enjoyed and he switched to studying medicine in 1902. Jaspers graduated from medical school in 1909 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg, where Emil Kraepelin had worked some years earlier. Jaspers became dissatisfied with the way the medical community of the time approached the study of mental illness and set himself the task of improving the psychiatric approach. In 1913 Jaspers was given a temporary post as a psychology teacher at Heidelberg University. The post later became permanent and Jaspers never returned to clinical practice. Contributions to Psychiatry Jaspers dissatisfaction with the popular understanding of mental illness led.
Kamisese Mara - the son of Ratu Tevita Uluilakeba, head of the chiefly Vuanirewa clan, and his first wife Lusiana Qolikoro. Mara's title, Ratu, which means "Chief," is hereditary. His other title, Sir, is a knighthood granted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. A Rhodes Scholar, Mara was educated first at Otago University in New Zealand, where he studied medicine, and later at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, where he graduated with an M.A. in political science. Upon his return to Fiji, Mara married Ro Adi Lalabalavu Litia Katoafutoga, better known as Adi Lady Lala Mara, in September 1950. Her title, Adi, is also hereditary; like her husband, she is a chief in her own right. They have three sons and five daughters. One daughter, Adi Koila Mara Nailatikau, has followed.
Ketamine - Vietnam War, but is often avoided now because it can cause unpleasant out of body experiences. It is still used in human medicine as a first-choice anesthetic for victims with unknown medical history (e.g. from traffic accidents), in podiatry and other minor surgery, and occasionally for the treatment of migraine. In veterinary medicine, it is usually used for large animals, such as horses. It can also be used, in conjunction with other sedative agents, in small animal surgery -- particularly to aid in the handling of difficult cats, rabbits, and rats. Ketamine depresses respiratory and circulatory functions less than other anesthetics do. When used in anesthetic doses, it sometimes stimulates the circulatory system rather than depresses it. It is sometimes possible to perform ketamine anesthesia without protective measures to the airways..
Keynesian economics - elements of an economic system were believed to produce a state of full employment. First, the push and pull of supply and demand set the price of goods, and the constant shifting of price allowed the two forces to equalize. Second, when the system produced extra wealth, it could be either saved for future consumption or invested in future production, and there was a system of supply and demand that affected this choice too. The interest rate on savings behaved like a price, equalizing the supply and demand of investment funds. Even in the worst years of the Depression, this theory defined economic collapse as the loss of incentives to produce. The proper solution was to reduce the price of labor to subsistence levels, causing prices to fall so that buying.
