Expanding nozzle - Expanding nozzle The expanding nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes. It is a member of the class of altitude-compensating nozzles, and while it is the least technically advanced or advantageous, it appears to be difficult to build as well. The expanding nozzle consists of two bells, one inside the other. One, attached directly to the engine nozzle, is designed for use at lower altitudes and is short and squat. The other, sitting outside the first, fits over the lower altitude bell to extend it into a longer and narrower (measured in terms of length) bell used for higher altitudes. At liftoff the outer bell is pulled up from the inner bell, out of.
Plug nozzle - Plug nozzle The plug nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes. It is a member of the class of altitude-compensating nozzles, but unlike the aerospike, the plug design is considerably more "traditional". The plug nozzle looks from the outside like a normal engine bell, as used on most rocket engines. Inside, however, there is a "plug" (referred to as the centerbody) that can seal off the exit from the combustion chamber above it. It is similar in form to a sink turned upside down, with the exhaust from the combustion chamber coming out the drain, past the plug (stopper), and into the bell (bowl). The key to the plug system is to use a.
Nozzle - Nozzle Homogenizer Nozzles These nozzles are also known as valves. This homogenizing valve microsizes milk and dairy products at a lower pressure than was ever possible before, while achieving the same or better results on emulsion quality of the processed product. This external site talks more about nozzles or valves....I have included a picture of a valve on this page...From the external link you can find more images. A picture of a valve:.
Jet - by discharge through an orifice into free space. Since gas is a compressible fluid, the velocity attained by a jet of gas cannot be determined by Bernoulli's principle. Instead, if one uses adiabatic expansion from P1 to P2 in a properly shaped nozzle, the ideal velocity of a gas jet is: v = 8×√((RT1/z)×(1-(P2/P1)z)) where R and z are characteristics of the gas, R being the common gas constant and z being (cp-cv)/cp, where the c's are the specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume, respectively. z = 0.286 for air under 500 °C. z = 0.23 to 0.28 for most combustion products of fuels. T1 is the absolute temperature at pressure P1. The term jet is also an abbreviation for jet engine or jet aircraft. Jet is commonly used.
Jetboat - in the water behind the boat, a jetboat draws the water from under the boat into an impeller pump, known as a jet unit, inside the boat then expels it through a nozzle at the stern. Steering is accomplished by small vanes that direct the water jet in the direction the boat needs to go. Because of this the jetboat is highly maneuverable and can often be reversed and brought to a stop within its own length from full speed in a maneuver known as a jetboat turn. By analogy to aircraft, a conventional screw propellor accelerates a large volume of water by a small amount, in a manner similar to the way an aeroplane's propellor accelerates a large volume of air by a small amount. An aircraft's jet engine, by.
Jet d'Eau - 10 km altitude. 500 liters of water per second are jetted to an altitude of 140 metres by two groups of pumps, operating on 500 kW / 2,400 V electricity. The water leaves the nozzle at an amazing speed of 200 km/h. When it is in operation, at any given moment, there are about 2,000 litres of water in the air. The fountain, which operates all day in summer, and at certain daytime hours during the fall and spring, is shut down entirely in winter because of frosty weather conditions. In summer evening hours it is lit by 13.5 kW of light in the evening. The Jet d'Eau fountain in Geneva, Switzerland.
Viking 1 - its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UT. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 4 km/s. After separation rockets fired to begin lander deorbit. After a few hours at about 300 km altitude, the lander was reoriented for entry. The aeroshell with its ablatable heat shield slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere. During this time, entry science experiments were performed. At 6 km altitude at about 250 m/s the 16 m diameter lander parachutes were deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and 8 seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds the parachute had slowed the lander to 60 m/s. At 1.5 km altitude, retro-rockets were ignited and fired until landing 40 seconds later.
Viking 2 - in a 302 x 33176 km orbit and turned off on 25 July 1978 after returning almost 16,000 images in 706 orbits around Mars. The lander and its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on 3 September 19:39:59 UT. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 4 km/s. After separation rockets fired to begin lander deorbit. After a few hours, at about 300 km altitude, the lander was reoriented for entry. The aeroshell with its ablatable heat shield slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere. During this time, entry science experiments were performed. At 6 km altitude at about 250 m/s the 16 m diameter lander parachutes were deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and 8 seconds after that the three lander legs were.
Injection moulding - melted shortly before being injected into the mould. The channels through which the plastic flows toward the chamber will also solidify, forming an attached frame. This frame is composed of the sprue, which is the main channel from the reservoir of molten resin, parallel with the direction of draw, and runners, which are perpendicular to the direction of draw, and are used to convey molten resin to the gate(s), or point(s) of injection. The sprue and runner system can be cut off and recycled. Some moulds are designed such that it is automatically stripped from the part through action of the mould. The quality of the moulded part depends on the quality of the mould, the care taken during the moulding process, and upon details of the design of the part.
Helicopter - way that an area of lower air pressure is created above the wing, and this "sucks" the aircraft up: it generates lift. A helicopter uses exactly the same method, except that instead of moving the entire aircraft, only the wings themselves are moved. The helicopter's rotor can simply be regarded as rotating wings. The eight-bladed fenestron of the EC120B Eurocopter. For a picture of the complete helicopter click here Turning the rotor generates lift but it also applies a reverse force to the vehicle, that would spin the helicopter in the opposite direction to the rotor. The most common way to counteract this torque is to have a smaller vertical propeller mounted at the rear of the aircraft called a tail rotor. If the rotor is shrouded (i.e., a fan embedded.
Hellmuth Walter - prototype. Construction started in 1939 on a small research submarine designated the V-80. When it was launched in 1940, the submarine demonstrated a top speed of 23 knots submerged, twice that of any submarine in the world at the time. Despite these spectacular results, problems with the production, supply, and safe handling of hydrogen peroxide prevented wide-scale implementation of Walter’s revolutionary engine. In the end, only a handful of submarines were built using this engine, and none saw combat. Whilst working on submarines, Walter also suggested using a snorkel to allow conventional, diesel-electric submarines to cruise along just below the water’s surface in relative safety whilst charging their batteries. This simple invention has been a feature of practically every conventionally powered submarine since then. At the same time that Walter was.
Hydraulic mining - material down the sluice and over the ridges. The relatively heavy gold flakes would settle behind the ridges while the dirt washed away. The miner could then collect his meager earnings and start the process again. Innovations rapidly followed as miners collaborated to find ways to process larger quantities of earth more rapidly. Hydraulic mining became the largest-scale, and most devastating, form of placer mining. Water was redirected into an ever-narrowing channel, through a large canvas hose, and out a giant iron nozzle, or monitor. The extremely high pressure stream was used to wash entire hillsides through enormous sluices. While generating millions of dollars in tax revenues for the state, the other side of the double-edged sword of hydraulic mining was its devastating effect on the California eco-structure. While mountains were.
Gas turbine - is heated by burning after being mixed with some fuel source, then directed out an expanding nozzle, flowing past the turbine on the way. The most familiar form of gas turbine is the jet engine. Jet engines typically use the power extracted from the turbine to drive the compressor and fuel systems. However another common use is not so obvious. Gas turbines running directly on compressed fuel are used throughout the power generation industry. This is particularly efficient because the heat from the gas turbine can be used to drive a conventional steam turbine in a process known as a combined cycle. This can give efficiencies of 60% of power (electricity) from primary energy. The use of gas turbines is popular in the electric power industry because gas turbines require relatively.
Glass fibre - see GRP. Due to their ability to conduct light, single strand glass fibres are also used as optical fibres for telecommunications. They are produced by a spinning process, in which they are pulled out through a nozzle from molten glass at a rate of thousands of meters per minute.. See also: Fiberglass Synthetic fibers.
Fluidic logic - electronic digital logic. It is used mostly in environments where electronic digital logic would be unreliable (e.g., systems exposed to high levels of electromagnetic interference or ionizing radiation). To build a flip flop, a nozzle is directed at a Y junction. A laminar flow of fluid will stick to one of the two sides. Weaker jets coming in from either side of the Y junction can switch the state of the flip flop. See also: Fluidic triode.
Flamethrower - rather than flame so the flaming liquid jet can be 'bounced' off walls or ceilings to project the fire into unseen spaces such as the interior of bunkers or pill boxes. Also an unignited stream can be fired and then subsequently ignited. History The first flamethrower, in the modern sense, is usually credited to the German Richard Fiedler. He submitted evaluation models of his Flammenwerfer to the German army in 1901. The most significant model he submitted was a man portable device, consisting of a single cylinder around 4 feet (1.2 m) high, divided horizontally with a pressurized gas lower section and inflammable oil in the top section. On depressing a lever the gas forced the liquid through a rubber tube and over a simple wick igniting device in a steel.
Fuel injection - in a car in 1955 with the introduction of the Mercedes 300SL. Fuel injection became widespread with the introduction of electronically controlled fuel injection systems in the 1980s and the gradual tightening of emissions and fuel economy laws. Meeting modern emissions standards whilst retaining acceptable performance would be very difficult without it. In addition, the development of microprocessor technology made it possible to control the amount of fuel injected precisely. Many modern diesel engines use direct injection, in which the injection nozzle is located inside the combustion chamber. Several manufacturers are experimenting with its use in gasoline engines, where it is expected to further increase efficiency and reduce pollution..
Ejector seat - Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible. The United States Army Air Corps experimented with downward-ejecting systems operated by a spring, but it was the work of the British company Martin-Baker that was to prove crucial. The first live flight test of the M-B system took place on July 24th, 1946, when Bernard Lynch ejected from a Gloster Meteor Mk III. Shortly afterwards, on August 17th, 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry Lambert was the first live US ejectee. M-B ejector seats were fitted to prototype and production aircraft from the late 1940s, and the first emergency use of a Martin-Baker seat occurred in 1949 while testing the Armstrong-Whitworth AW.52 Flying Wing. Early seats used a solid propellant charge to drive the seat out, by exploding the charge inside a telescoping tube.
Evaporative cooling - time in the late 1930's. In this case the system was used in order to reduce, or eliminate completely, the radiator which would otherwise create considerable drag. In these systems the water in the engine was kept under pressure with pumps, allowing it to heat to temperatures above 100 Celsius, as the actual boiling point is based on the pressure. The super-heated water was then sprayed though a nozzle into an open tube, where it rapidly boiled and released its heat. The tubes could be placed under the skin of the aircraft, resulting in a zero-drag cooling system. However these systems also had serious disadvantages. Since the amount of tubing needed to cool the water was large, the cooling system covered a significant portion of the plane even though it was.
Diesel engine - in Charles' Law); a diesel engine uses this property to ignite the fuel. Air is drawn into the cylinder of a diesel engine and compressed by the rising piston, at a much higher compression ratio than for a spark-ignition engine. At the top of the piston stroke, diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at high pressure, through an atomising nozzle, mixing with the hot, high-pressure air. The resulting mixture ignites and burns very rapidly. This contained explosion causes the gas in the chamber to expand, driving the piston down with considerable force and creating power in a vertical direction. The connecting rod transmits this motion to the crankshaft which is forced to turn, delivering rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging (pushing the exhausted gas-charge out.
