Novial language - Novial language Novial [nov-, new + IAL, International Auxiliary Language] is a constructed language devised by Otto Jespersen, a Danish linguist who had previously been involved in the Ido movement. He devised Novial to be an international auxiliary language, which would facilitate international communication and friendship, without displacing anyone's native language. It features a vocabulary based largely on the Germanic and Romance languages, and a grammar heavily influenced by English. The first introduction of Novial was in Jespersen's book An International Language in 1928, with an update in his dictionary, Novial Lexike, published two years later. Further modifications were proposed in the 1930s, but with Jespersen's death in 1943, it became dormant, although in the 1990s, with the revival of interest in artificial language brought on.
List of languages - languages is alphabetical by English name. For a more structured list, see Language families and languages, ISO 639 or List of languages by total speakers. Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishs about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects. This is a list of natural and constructed languages spoken by humans. See also a list of programming languages. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Afrikaans Ainu Albanian Aleut Algonquin Amhara Amharic Anglo-Saxon Apache A-Pucikwar Arabic / عربية (Semitic) Aragonese Aramaic Arawak Armenian Assamese Assyrian Asturian Avestan Azerbaijani B Balochi Bambara Bavarian Basque Belarusian (Slavic) Bemba Berber Bété Biafran Bihari Blackfoot.
Esperanto - first work on the subject, and literally means "one who hopes". Zamenhof, a Jewish oculist from Bialystok, Poland, published the Unua Libro (first book) of the language in 1887 after working on it for about ten years (see Esperanto history). His intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve as an international auxiliary language, a second language for everyone in the world, rather than to replace all existing languages in the world. Some Esperanto speakers still want this, but most just want to meet foreigners and learn about other countries and cultures. Today, thousands of people use it regularly to communicate with people all over the world. Esperanto has proven to be a good deal easier for speakers of European languages to learn as a second language than any national.
Otto Jespersen - a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. He was born in Jutland and attended Copenhagen University, earning degrees in English, French, and Latin. He also studied linguistics at Oxford. Jespersen was a professor of English at Copenhagen University from 1893 to 1925. Along with Paul Passy, he was a founder of the International Phonetic Association. He was an vocal supporter and active developer of artificial international languages such as Esperanto. He was also involved in the delegation that created the artificial language Ido and later developed the Novial language, which he considered an improvement. He was most widely recognized for some of his books. His Modern English Grammar concentrated on morphology and syntax. His Growth and Structure of the English Language is a comprehensive view of.
Kanuri language - Kanuri language Kanuri is a Nilo-Saharan language which is spoken by about 4 million people in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The ISO 639-2 language code is KR..
Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition - Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition Kant and the Platypus : Essays on Language and Cognition is a book by Umberto Eco which was published in Italian in 1997. An English edition, translated by Alastair McEwen, appeared in 1999. The book develops some aspects of Eco's A Theory of Semiotics which came out in 1976. In the first chapter Eco develops Nietzsche's argument that the truth is a poetically elaborated "mobile army of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms" that subsequently gel into knowledge, "illusions whose illusory nature has been forgotten", as the metaphors are reduced to schemata and concepts. In chapter two, working with ideas derived from Charles Peirce and Immanuel Kant, Eco compares linguistic and perceptual meaning when confronted with the unencountered. Chapter three explores the.
Karelian language - Karelian language Karelian is a variety closely related to Finnish. It belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages, and is chiefly distinguished from standard Finnish by the lack of influence from modern 19th and 20th century Finnish. The Karelian language does not have a standard written form. Karelian has three main dialects: Karelian Proper, Olonets and Ludic. The latter is sometimes classified as a dialect of Veps. The Karelian language is by Finns usually considered a dialect of Finnish, as it is perceived to differ only slightly from standard-Finnish. Others, for instance many foreign linguists and some people in Estonia and Russia, consider the Karelian variety a language of its own (although almost extinct), similarly to how the dialects of Ingria by Finns often are considered dialects of Finnish-proper,.
Kafka's language - Kafka's language One of the most interesting aspects of Kafka's work is that he wrote in Prussian dialect, not German. Prussian literature is uncommon, at best, as Prussian is thought to be a strict, highly technical language-- the language of engineers. (The difference between Prussian and German is akin to the difference between the English of Nabokov's Lolita and that of the Owner's Manual from a '94 Jeep Wrangler.) In this regard, Kafka follows an interesting Jewish literary tradition: the oldest Jewish prayers (e.g. Mourner's Kaddish) and literature (e.g. The Old Testament's Song of Songs, aka the Song of Solomon) are written in Aramaic-- a trade language older than Hebrew. The vast bulk of the Jewish contribution to World Literature and Art, prior to WWII and Shoa.
Kawi language - Kawi language Kawi is an extinct language used by people in island of Java and also Bali. The language has its own unique alphabets for writing..
Kashmiri language - Kashmiri language Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Pakistan. It has 4,391,000 speakers. It is an SVO language written in a persian script. External Link Ethnologue on Kashmiri.
Ket language - Ket language Ket, formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak, is a Siberian language isolate, apparently unrelated to any other language in the world (other than Yugh, a recently-extinct language that was clearly related to Ket). It is spoken by about 2,000 people along the middle Yenisei Basin. Attempts have been made by Soviet scholars to establish a relationship with either Burushaski or the Sino-Tibetan languages..
Khoisan languages - in the Kalahari Desert in south-western Africa. They are notable for the use of click consonants as phonemes, including the !Xu~ language, which has in excess of 50 click consonants and over 140 separate phonemes. Many Americans were exposed to this group of languages through the San language used in the 1984 film The Gods Must Be Crazy. The only other languages using clicks as phonemes are Nguni Bantu languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu in South Africa, Sesotho (also spoken in South Africa, and Lesotho), and the Hadza and Sandawe languages in Kenya. See also: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa..
Kid programming language - Kid programming language Kid is a kernel language for Id. A refinement of P-TAC, used as an intermediate language for Id. Lambda-calculus with first-class let-blocks and I-structures. Reference "A Syntactic Approach to Program Transformations", Z. Ariola et. al., SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):116-129 (Sept 1991). This article was originally based on content from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed..
Kinyarwanda language - Kinyarwanda language Kinyarwanda is the chief spoken language in Rwanda. It is classified as a Bantu dialect. It is somewhat close to the Kirundi language spoken in the neighboring country, Burundi. Unfortunately, there is little or no resource material for English language speakers to use to learn Kinyarwanda. French language speakers will have more luck, as there are a few books about Kinyarwanda (language and grammar) in French. Example translations Yego = Yes Oya = No Ndabizi = I know Simbizi = I don't know Amazi = water Nda shaka amazi = I'd like water. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Kirundi language - Kirundi language Kirundi (also written Rundi and Urundi) is a Bantu language spoken in Burundi. 85% of the speakers are Hutu, 15% are Tutsi. External Link Ethnologue on Rundi.
Klingon language - Klingon language The Klingon language (in Klingon, tlhIngan Hol) is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand for Paramount and spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. He designed the language with Object Verb Subject word order to give an alien feel to the language. A description of the Klingon language can be found in Dr. Marc Okrand's book The Klingon Dictionary (Published by Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, 1985, second edition with new addendum 1992, ISBN 067174559X). Other notable works include The Klingon Way (with Klingon sayings and proverbs), Klingon for the Galactic Traveler and the two audio productions Conversational Klingon and Power Klingon. Three books have also been published in the tongue: Hamlet, ghIlghameS (Gilgamesh) and paghmo' tIn mIS (Much Ado About Nothing)..
Klingon Language Institute - Klingon Language Institute The Klingon Language Institute is an organization devoted to studying and teaching the Klingon language. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it..
Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language - Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language or (KQML) is a language and protocol, based on SGML, for exchanging information and knowledge, proposed in 1993. Work on KQML is led by Tim Finin of the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Lab for Advanced Information Technology. It is part of the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort. The KQML message format and protocol can be used to interact with an intelligent system, either by an application program, or by another intelligent system. KQML's "performatives" are operations that agents perform on each other's knowledge and goal stores. Higher-level interactions such as contract nets and negotiation are built using these. KQML's "communication facilitators" coordinate the interactions of other agents to support knowledge sharing. Experimental prototype systems support concurrent engineering, intelligent design,.
Knaanic language - Knaanic language Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan or Judeo Slavic) was a West Slavic language spoken in what is now the Czech Republic. It became extinct in late Middle Ages. The name Knaanic applied mainly to Judeo Czech, but also to other Judeo-Slavic languages..
Korean language - Korean language The Korean language is spoken primarily and officially in Korea (South Korea and North Korea), also in the People's Republic of China (Yanbian). Worldwide, there are around 78 million Korean speakers, including large groups in the former Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, and Japan. Korean is considered by many to be a member of the Altaic family, but its proper classification is not universally agreed on. The native Korean writing system, the Hangul is alphabetic and phonetic. Along with Sino-Korean characters (Hanja), well over 50% of the Korean vocabulary comes directly or indirectly from from Chinese. Korean Spoken in: Korea Total speakers: 78 Million Ranking: 12 Genetic classification: Language isolate Official status Official language of: North Korea South Korea ISO 639-1: ko ISO 639-2:.
