Johnson-Nyquist noise - Johnson-Nyquist noise Johnson-Nyquist noise (sometimes only "Nyquist noise") is the equilibrium fluctuations of the electric current inside an electrical conductor, which happen without any applied voltage, due to the random thermal motion of the charge carriers (the electrons). It is to be distinguished from Shot noise, which describes the additional current fluctuations that occur when a voltage is applied and a macroscopic current starts to flow. The strength of Nyquist noise is related to the temperature and the resistance of the conductor. See: Harry Nyquist, J. Johnson J. Johnson, "Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors", Phys. Rev. 32, 97 (1928) -- the experiment H. Nyquist, "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors", Phys. Rev. 32, 110 (1928) -- the theory.
Effective input noise temperature - Effective input noise temperature In telecommunication, effective input noise temperature is the source noise temperature in a two-port network or amplifier that will result in the same output noise power, when connected to a noise-free network or amplifier, as that of the actual network or amplifier connected to a noise-free source. Note: If F is the noise figure numeric and 290 K the standard noise temperature, then the effective noise temperature is given by T n = 290(F-1). Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188.
Equivalent noise resistance - Equivalent noise resistance In telecommunication, an equivalent noise resistance is a quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral density of a noise-voltage generator, given by R n = (Ï€W n)/(kT 0), where W n is the spectral density, k is Boltzmann's constant, T 0 is the standard noise temperature (290 K), and kT 0 = 4.00 × 10-21 watt-seconds. Note: The equivalent noise resistance in terms of the mean-square noise-generator voltage, e 2, within a frequency increment, Δf , is given by R n = e 2/(4kT 0Δf ). Source: from Federal Standard 1037C.
Equivalent pulse code modulation noise - Equivalent pulse code modulation noise In telecommunication, equivalent pulse code modulation noise (PCM) is the amount of thermal noise power on a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a PCM channel. Note 1: The speech quality judgment is based on comparative tests. Note 2: Generally, 33.5 dBrnC ±2.5 dB is considered the approximate equivalent PCM noise of a 7-bit PCM system. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188.
Dolby noise reduction system - Dolby noise reduction system Dolby NR is based on reducing the dynamic range of the sound during recording and expanding it during playback developed by Dolby Laboratories. In this it is similar to other analogue noise reduction systems, however it is the most widely used. The process is known as companding. Several types of Dolby NR were developed, including A, B, C and S. Most widely used is the B type, which allows for acceptable playback on devices without noise reduction; most pre-recorded cassettess available on the market use Dolby B. There is also a system called HX Pro, which operates on a different principle. How Dolby B works Dolby B (and C which is similar) are a form of dynamic preemphasis. The background hiss of a.
Kalman filter - equations of motion in real time by the least-squares method. It is used to separate signal from noise so as to optimally predict changes in a modeled system with time. Kalman filtering is used extensively in control systems engineering. Compare with: Wiener filter.
Kansai International Airport - Scandinavian Airlines System United Parcel Service History In the 1960s, when the Kansai region was rapidly losing trade to Tokyo, planners proposed a new airport near Osaka and Kobe. Osaka International Airport, located in the densely-populated suburbs of Itami and Toyonaka, was surrounded by buildings: it could not be expanded, and many of its neighbors had filed complaints because of noise pollution problems. After the protests surrounding New Tokyo International Airport, which was built with confiscated land in a rural part of Chiba prefecture, planners decided to build the airport offshore. Initially, the airport was planned to be built near Kobe, but the city of Kobe refused the plan, so the airport was moved to a more southerly location on Osaka Bay. There, it could be open 24 hours per day,.
Kassaman - the high djebels, That we are in revolt, whether to live or to die, We are determined that Algeria should live, So be our witness -be our witness -be our witness! We are soldiers in revolt for truth And we have fought for our independence. When we spoke, nobody listened to us, So we have taken the noise of gunpowder as our rhythm And the sound of machine guns as our melody, We are determined that Algeria should live, So be our witness -be our witness -be our witness! From our heroes we shall make an army come to being, From our dead we shall build up a glory, Our spirits shall ascend to immortality And on our shoulders we shall raise the Standard. To the nation's Liberation Front we have.
Kart circuits - as being an outdoor circuit of less than 1500m in length. Normally custom-built for karting, they generally allow racing for both gearbox and non-gearbox karts (noise restrictions may sometimes reduce this). Long circuit A long circuit is defined as being an outdoor circuit of more than 1500m in length. Typically they are shared for other motor-sports and only have gear-box kart races. Indoor Normally for casual racers, the indoor circuits can be in any closed space (often old factories), sometimes with a short outdoor seciton to add interest. Normally they have their own fleet of karts, chosen more for economy than out-and-out speed. Others In this category fall the dirt-tracks, ovall tracks and ice-rinks. = Locations = Karting is truely international, most countries have circuits where racing can be done. UK.
Very high frequency - frequencies, the ionosphere does not reflect VHF radio (except on rare occasions during solar flares) and thus transmissions are restricted to the local area (and can't interfere with transmissions thousands of kilometres away) It is also less affected by atmospheric noise and interference from electrical equipment than low frequencies. Whilst it is more easily blocked by land features than HF and lower frequencies, it is less bothered by buildings and other less substantial objects than higher frequencies. It was also easier to construct efficient transmitters, receivers, and antennas for it in the earlier days of radio. In most countries, the VHF spectrum is used for broadcast audio and television, as well as commercial two-way radios (such as that operated by taxis and police), marine two-way audio communications, and aircraft radios. The.
Kid 606 - scenes. His music is known for its high tempo breakbeats and a liberal mix of noise and sampling. Notable releases include Don't Sweat the Technics (1998) and P.S. I Love You (2000)..
KK Null - wiz, drummer, and even Butoh dancer to his impressive musical resumé. Null joined the noise/progressive rock outfit Ybo2 in 1984, issuing several albums and EPs throughout the remainder of the decade. From there, Null produced albums for other artists, created his own record label (Nux Organization), and played with others: with the self-described "progressive hardcore trio" Zeni Geva, John Zorn, Steve Albini, the Boredoms, Seiichi Yamamoto, Jim O'Rourke, Merzbow, Fred Frith, James Plotkin, Keiji Haino, Otomo Yoshihide, Jon Rose, Atau Tanaka, Zbigniew Karkowski, and Philip Samartzis, as well as supporting such artists as Sonic Youth and Mike Patton on tour. Null has released more than 60 albums, and he launched a new ensemble, Monster DVD, in 2001..
Kristian Birkeland - of funding became an overwhelming obstacle. Recognizing that technological invention could bring wealth, he developed an electromagnetic cannon. In 1900, he obtained patents on what we now call an electromagnetic-rail-gun and, with some investors, formed a firearms company. The rail-gun worked, except the high muzzle velocities he predicted (600 m/s) were not produced. The most he could get from his largest machine was 100 m/s, corresponding to a disappointing projectile range of only 1 km. So he renamed the device an aerial torpedo and arranged a demonstration with the express aim of selling the company. At the demonstration, one of the coils in the rail-gun shorted and produced a sensational inductive arc complete with noise, flame, and smoke. This was the first failure of any of the launchers that Birkeland had.
Velomobile - windscreen defroster. This should be adjustable for more cooling in warmer weather. Many gears; a vehicle that is heavier but more aerodynamic than a bicycle needs a wider gearing range than a bicycle. Good aerodynamics. Good suspension. Reliable operation. Strength: wheels, brakes, transmission, need to be more robust than on a lightweight bicycle. Cargo capacity suitable for everyday shopping. Low noise, for both the comfort of the operator and safety in traffic. Multiple tracks (tricycle or quadracycle design) for safety and practicality in slippery weather. Easy entry and exit. Good lighting system. Good visibility to others (reflectors, horns). Low price. Recently, some velomobiles have been converted to provide electric-assist. Electric assist means that a small battery operated electric propulsion system is provided to assist the driver's leg muscle effort. Most Electric-assist.
Velvet Tone Records - fidelity is about average for the era, with pressings in below average quality shellac that shows significant surface noise after moderate wear. List of record labels This is a stub article. You can help improve it..
January 18 - contain paintings and engravings that are 17,000 to 20,000 years old. 1997 - In north west Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 3 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers and seriously wound one other. 1997 - Boerge Ousland of Norway becomes the first person to cross Antarctica alone and unaided. Births 1689 - Montesquieu, French writer (†1755) 1779 - Peter Roget, lexicographer (†1869) 1782 - Daniel Webster, statesman (†1852) 1854 - Thomas Watson, telephone pioneer 1882 - A. A. Milne, author (†1956) 1892 - Oliver Hardy, comedian, actor (†1957) 1903 - Werner Hinz, actor (†1985) 1904 - Cary Grant, actor (†1986) 1905 - Joseph Bonanno, gangster (†2002) 1913 - Danny Kaye, actor (†1987) 1914 - Arno Schmidt, author (†1979) 1932 - Robert Anton.
Jamming - same frequency as the opponents receiving equipment and with the same type of modulation, can with enough power override any signal at the receiver. The most common types of this form of signal jamming are: Random Noise; Random Pulse; Stepped Tones; Wobbler; Random Keyed Modulated CW; Tone; Rotary; Pulse; Spark; Recorded Sounds; Gulls; and Sweep-through. All of these can be divided into two groups - obvious and subtle. Obvious jamming is easy to detect as it can be heard on the receiving equipment, it is some type of noise such as stepped tones (bagpipes), random-keyed code, pulses, erratically warbling tones, and recorded sounds. The purpose of this type of jamming is to block out reception of transmitted signals and to cause a nuisance to the receiving operator. Subtle jamming is that.
Veterans Stadium - Phillies' final season was in 2003. The Vet has been known for providing both the Eagles and the Phillies with great home-field advantage. In particular, the acoustics greatly enhance crowd noise on the field, making it difficult for opponents to focus on the task at hand. The most notable event in the Vet's history was Game 6 of the 1980 World Series; in that game, the Phillies clinched their lone championship. The Vet is scheduled to be demolished in February 2004..
Jaffa (chocolate) - from the color of oranges from Jaffa, Israel. Jaffas have often been sold in movie theatres and have gained iconic status because of the noise made when they are dropped (accidentally or deliberately) and rolled down sloping wooden floors..
Jacques Cujas - he had collected more than 500 in his own library; but, unfortunately, he left orders in his will that his library should be divided among a number of purchasers, and his collection was thus scattered, and in great part lost. His emendations, of which a large number were published under the title of Animadversiones et observationes, were not confined to lawbooks, but extended to many of the Latin and Greek classical authors. In jurisprudence his study was far from being devoted solely to Justinian; he recovered and gave to the world a part of the Theodosian Code, with explanations; and he procured the manuscript of the Basilica, a Greek abridgment of Justinian, afterwards published by Fabrot. He also composed a commentary on the Consuetudines Feudorum, and on some books of the.
