Noam Chomsky - Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is a US professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages. Outside of his linguistic work, Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist and is widely known for his left-wing political writings. Noam Chomsky (photo by Donna Coveney) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Short biography 2 Contributions to Linguistics 3 Contributions to Psychology 4 Criticism of post-modern views towards science 5 Political Views 5.1 Criticism of the United States government 5.2 Chomsky and Socialism 5.3 Chomsky and the Middle East 6 Accusations of anti-semitism 6.4 The Faurisson Affair 7 Other criticisms 8 Other concepts 9 Quotes regarding Chomsky 10 See also: 11 Bibliography 11.5 Linguistics.
Manufacturing Consent - Noam Chomsky and the Media - Manufacturing Consent - Noam Chomsky and the Media Manufacturing Consent - Noam Chomsky and the Media (1993) is a documentary film by two Canadian independent filmmakers, Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick, arguing that the United States media is best understood as propaganda produced to protect the economic interests of the shareholders and owners of the companies producing the media. The film includes a brief biography of Noam Chomsky and is much less detailed than Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman's book Manufacturing Consent -- The Political Economy of the Mass Media; interestingly enough, the film itself fits one definition of propaganda, as it has an overt political agenda; it was created expressly to convince viewers of an ideological point of view, and makes no attempt to avoid bias. However,.
Chomsky hierarchy - Chomsky hierarchy The Chomsky hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. This hierarchy was described by Noam Chomsky in 1956. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Formal grammars 2 The hierarchy 3 References Formal grammars A formal grammar consists of a finite set of terminal symbols (the letters of the words in the formal language), a finite set of nonterminal symbols, a set of production rules with a left- and a right-hand side consisting of a word of these symbols, and a start symbol. A rule may be applied to a word by replacing the left-hand side by the right-hand side. A derivation is a sequence of rule applications. Such a grammar defines the formal language of all words consisting.
Chomsky Normal Form - Chomsky Normal Form A formal grammar is in Chomsky Normal Form iff all production rules are of the form: A -> BC or A -> α where A, B and C are nonterminal symbols and α is a terminal symbol. Every grammar in Chomsky Normal is context-free, and conversely, every context-free grammar which does not generate the empty string can be transformed into an equivalent one which is in Chomsky Normal Form. The Chomsky Normal Form of a context-free grammar is important because it yields efficient algorithms. For example, the CYK algorithm which decides whether a given string can be generated by a given grammar uses the Chomsky Normal Form. The Chomsky Normal Form is named after Noam Chomsky, an US linguist that invented the Chomsky.
Chomskybot - fake managerese) that generates paragraphs which appear similar to those in the corpus of Noam Chomsky's works, but which in truth are utterly devoid of all meaning. An example of the work of the Chomskybot is included below: For any transformation which is sufficiently diversified in application to be of any interest, most of the methodological work in modern linguistics is not to be considered in determining a corpus of utterance tokens upon which conformity has been defined by the paired utterance test. By combining adjunctions and certain deformations, the theory of syntactic features developed earlier may remedy and, at the same time, eliminate the system of base rules exclusive of the lexicon. Clearly, the fundamental error of regarding functional notions as categorial is unspecified with respect to an abstract underlying.
Institute for Historical Review - of links to Neo-Nazi organizations. It publishes the Journal of Historical Review, which its critics accuse of being pseudo-scientific. When Noam Chomsky published in the journal it led to great controversy, though Chomsky insists he was defending Dr. Robert Faurisson's right to free speech rather than what he said. For a period of time, the IHR publicly offered a reward of $50,000 for verifiable "proof that gas chambers for the purpose of killing human beings existed at or in Auschwitz." This reward was subsequently paid to an Auschwitz survivor who took the IHR to court. The Institute for Historical Review also publishes a newspaper, The SPOTLIGHT (now reorganized as the American Free Press)..
Israel Shahak - 0745312764). All of these books have been the subject of great controversy. He has been accused of lying about Jewish law and of fabricating the specific incident above, and his writings have been compared to blood libels. (See A Modern Blood Libel, linked below) Rabbis from all the Jewish denominations (Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism) have stated that Shahak's claims about Jewish law are merely the opinions of a handful of fanatics. His writings have become very popular among anti-Israel intellectuals like Edward Said, Noam Chomsky, and Christopher Hitchens, as well as among anti-Semites. He died in Israel, of complications from his diabetes. Quote [On the accusation of being a selfhating Jew] "That is a Nazi expression. The Nazis called Germans who defended Jewish rights self-hating Germans." External Links.
History of Indonesia - supported by other prominent leaders of former colonies who rejected formal alliances with either the Western or Soviet blocs. Under Sukarno's auspices, these leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java, 1955, to lay the groundwork for what became known as the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, President Sukarno moved closer to Asian communist states and toward the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in domestic affairs. Though the PKI represented the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support base never demonstrated an ideological adherence typical of communist parties in other countries. Sukarno opposed the formation of in the Malaysian Federation (Sukarno complained that it was a "neo-colonial plot" to advance British commercial interests). This led to battles between Indonesian troops and Malaysian and British soldiers..
Hilary Putnam - during the 20th century. After receiving his BA at Penn (where he was an undergraduate with Noam Chomsky) and PhD at UCLA (under Hans Reichenbach), he taught at Princeton, MIT, and Harvard, where he is now Cogan University Professor emeritus. Putnam has earned a reputation for changing his mind frequently during the course of his career, and he has written on so many diverse topics that it is often difficult to sort out his views. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Philosophy of Mind 2 Philosophy of Language 3 Philosophy of Mathematics 4 Metaphilosophy Philosophy of Mind Putnam is probably most famous for his contributions to the philosophy of mind. He was an early and influential advocate of functionalism (roughly, the view that the human mind is analogous to a digital computer).
History of United States imperialism - became a republic in 1894 and in 1898 Hawaiian President Sanford Dole agreed to his nation's annexation by the United States. The republic ended in 1900 and the country became a territory of the US. The Spanish-American War 1899: Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are depicted as savage children. The figures are identified as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Cuba Philippines and "Ladrones" (the Mariana Islands). With the Spanish-American War the United States greatly increased its international power. The Spanish-American War took place in 1898. The Treaty of Paris (1898), ended the Spanish-American war, giving the United States possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba in exchange for $20 million.' Conflict in the Philippines The Philippine-American War (1899-1913) is perhaps the most egregious example of United States imperialism. While.
Howard Zinn - A People's History was made in the movie Good Will Hunting; Matt Damon grew up next door to Zinn. Published Works Laguardia in Congress (1959) ISBN 0837164346, ISBN 0-393-00488-0 The Southern Mystique (1962) ISBN 0896086801 SNCC: The New Abolitionists (1964) ISBN 0896086798 New Deal Thought (editor) (1965) ISBN 0872206858 Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal (1967) ISBN 089608681X Disobedience and Democracy: nine fallacies on law and order (1968) ISBN 0896086755 The Politics of History (1970, 1990) ISBN 0252061225 The Pentagon Papers: Critical Essays (editor, with Noam Chomsky) (1972) Justice in Everyday Life: the way it really works (editor) (1974) ISBN 0896086771 Justice?: eyewitness accounts (1977) ISBN 0807044792 A People's History of the United States: 1492–Present (1980, revised 1995) ISBN 0060528370 Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology (1991) ISBN 0060921080 Failure to Quit:.
GB - Belgium Gigabit (Gb) Gigabyte (GB) Government and Binding theory by Noam Chomsky Great Britain United Kingdom (ISO 3166-1 code) Guobiao, a Simplified Chinese computer input method The nerve agent sarin.
University of Pennsylvania - The Addams Family; he is said to have modeled the Addams Family mansion on Penn's College Hall Nnamdi Azikiwe: First President of Nigeria Ernesto P. Balladares: President of Panama, 1994-1999 Chuck Bednarik: Philadelphia Eagles Linebacker Bert Bell: Former National Football League Commissioner from 1946-1959, who took the league to unprecedented heights Candice Bergen: Actress, best known as TV's Murphy Brown Nicholas Biddle: President of the Second Bank of the United States Henry Block: Founder, H&R Block Richard Block: Founder, H&R Block Len Bosack: Co-founder, Cisco Systems (Internet routers company) William J. Brennan Jr: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ron Brown: NBC International Affairs correspondent Warren Buffett (he left Penn after two years): CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, investor, second richest man in the world Britton Chance: Scientist and Olympic gold medallist who made.
Universal grammar - of "If X holds true, then Y occurs." These have been extended to a range of traits, from the phonemes found in languages, to what word orders languages choose, to why children exhibit certain linguistic behaviors. Three linguists who have had major impacts in this area, either directly or through the schools of thought they promulgate(d), are Noam Chomsky, Edward Sapir and Richard Montague..
Government and Binding - Binding is a linguistic theory of syntax which was developed mainly by Noam Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986). This theory continues on from his earlier transformational grammar (1957, 1965) and was later revised by Chomsky's new theory: The Minimalist Program (1993). GB tries to explain a universal grammar theory (UG), which describes all languages. It is somewhat of a misnomer as Government and Binding theories only form a small part of the whole - it is also known, more appropriately, as Principles and Parameters. Books Noam Chomsky, "Lectures on Government and Binding" Liliane Haegeman, "Introduction to Government and Binding", 2nd Ed. 1994 Blackwell..
Formal grammar - symbol. Usually such a formal grammar G is simply summarized as (N, Σ, P, S). The language of a formal grammar G = (N, Σ, P, S), denoted as L(G), is defined as all those strings over Σ that can be generated by starting with the start symbol S and then applying the production rules in P until no more nonterminal symbols are present. Example Consider, for example, the grammar G with N = {S, B}, Σ = {a, b, c}, P consisting of the following production rules 1. S -> aBSc 2. S -> abc 3. Ba -> aB 4. Bb -> bb and the nonterminal symbol S as the start symbol. Some examples of the derivation of strings in L(G) are: 'S'\ -> (2) abc S -> (1) aBSc.
Elie Wiesel - and served as chairman for the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust (later renamed U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council) from 1978 to 1986. He received the Congressional Gold Medal of Achievement in 1985 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He published his memoirs in 1995. Criticism Some criticism is based on the creation of a so-called Holocaust industry around the Holocaust myth. Also, Noam Chomsky named him "a terrible fraud" because although he militated "against the silence" about Holocaust and he decries terrorism, he remains silent on Palestinian issues and for working for the terrorist organization Irgun between 1947 and 1949. Some of Elie Wiesel's more famous works include: Night The Oath Souls on Fire One Generation After A Beggar in Jerusalem Trial of God.
Eric Lenneberg - 1964 paper "The Capacity of Language Acquisition" sets for the seminal arguments picked up and popularized later by Noam Chomsky in his famous arguments for the innate "language organ". He presents four arguments for biological innateness of psychological capacities, as constructed in parallel to arguments in biology for the innateness of physical traits: Universal appearance of a trait at a single time across a species. "Species typical" traits. Universal appearance across time for a group. Not just an artifact of cultural history. Again, "species typical" diagnostic feature. No learning of the trait is possible. Individual development of a trait rigidly follows a given schedule regardless of the particular experience of the organism. He died at a young age. These early papers remain a significant legacy. Bibliography The Capacity of Language Acquisition.
Doublespeak - scholarly contexts, "terrorist" is usually defined in a way consistent with the biases of the politics of the region where the scholastic institution is located. classified: secret In World War II, secret information was distinguished into classes corresponding to increasing levels of security clearances (more doublespeak there), and came to be called classified information (as in "classified for a particular clearance"). unclassified: not secret Information which wasn't secret was then called unclassified, which carries the implication that the natural state of information is to be classified, in other words, to be made secret. downsize, rightsize, RIF (reduction in force): fire employees job flexibility: lack of job security (where job security means an actual or implied promise of continued employment) taxpayer: citizen The word taxpayer means someone who pays taxes, and when.
Domino theory - Nixon once said that the strongest argument for the domino theory was that the "dominos believed it," and indeed there was often fears in countries that bordered communist nations that their governments were in danger of subversion. This fear led to policies such as the NATO alliance and other forms of containment, dedicated to protecting non-communist nations from "falling." Some leftist academics, notably Noam Chomsky, believe that the "real domino theory" is that if one country successfully developed itself into a successful socialist state independent of foreign interference, other countries would follow by example. Chomsky called this the "threat of a good example" and believes it is the main reason for American intervention in otherwise insignificant countries such as Cuba, Guatemala, East Timor, and Angola. This theory has been criticized for.
