List of national constitutions - List of national constitutions Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Formalized constitutions 2 Non-formalized constitutions 3 Former countries Formalized constitutions Afghanistan Australia Canada (1982) Chile China, People's Republic of China, Republic of - Taiwan Croatia Czechia France Germany -- titled Grundgesetz Greece India Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands -- titled Grondwet Aruba -- titled Staatsregeling Netherlands Antilles -- titled Staatsregeling Pakistan Poland (1997; previous - 1791, 1921, 1935, 1952) Norway South Africa (introduced 1996) Spain (approved 1978) Sweden United States Non-formalized constitutions Israel New Zealand United Kingdom See also: Constitutional law Former countries East Germany Soviet Union.
History of Europe - England, and Spain. Contrariwise, the Church was losing much of its power because of corruption, internal conflicts, and the spread of culture leading to the artistic, philosophical, scientific and technological improvements of the Renaissance era. The new nation states were frequently in a state of political flux and war. In particular, after Martin Luther started the Reformation in 1517, wars of politics and religion ravaged the continent: the schism of the dominant western church was to have major political, social and cultural implications for Europe. What became the split between Catholicism and Protestantism was particularly pronounced in England (where the king Henry VIII severed ties with Rome and proclaimed himself head of the church), and in Germany (where the Reformation united the various Protestant princes against the Catholic Hapsburg emperors). Unlike.
History of Bolivia - Audiencia de Charcas located in Chuquisaca (La Plata — modern Sucre). Bolivian silver mines produced much of the Spanish empire's wealth, and Potosi, site of the famed Cerro Rico — "Rich Mountain" — was, for many years, the largest city in the Western Hemisphere. As Spanish royal authority weakened during the Napoleonic wars, sentiment against colonial rule grew. Independence was proclaimed in 1809, but 16 years of struggle followed before the establishment of the republic, named for Simon Bolivar, on August 6, 1825. 19th century Independence did not bring stability. For nearly 60 years, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics. Bolivia's weakness was demonstrated during the War of the Pacific (1879 – 1883), when it lost its seacoast and the adjoining rich nitrate fields to Chile. An increase in the.
University of Durham - time, the Elvet Hill site was well established, with the first of the new colleges, Grey College (named for the second Earl Grey, who was the Prime Minister when the University was founded) being founded in 1959. Expansion up Elvet Hill continued, with Van Mildert College (1965), Trevelyan College (1966) and Collingwood College (1972) all being added to the University. These were not the only developments in the University, however. The Graduate Society, catering for post-graduate students, was founded in 1965 (renamed Ustinov College in 2003) and the Roman Catholic seminary of Ushaw College, which had been in Durham since 1808, was licensed as a hall of residence in 1968. By 1990 the last male-only college became mixed, leaving St Mary's as the only single-sex college. In 2002 the University announced.
Glossary of the French Revolution - generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations; those can be found in List of people associated with the French Revolution. The terminology routinely used in discussing the French Revolution can be confusing, even daunting. The same political faction may be referred to by different historians (or by the same historian in different contexts) by different names. During much of the revolutionary period, the French used a newly invented calendar that fell into complete disuse after the revolutionary era. Different legislative bodies had rather similar names, not always translated uniformly into English. This article is intended as a central place to clarify these issues. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Three Estates 2 Social Classes 3 Constitutions 4 Governmental structures 5 Political Groupings 6 Ancien régime taxes.
Alexander I of Russia - of Alexander and Napoleon were of the most cordial character; and it was hoped that a fresh meeting might adjust all differences between them. The meeting took place at Erfurt in October 1808, and resulted in a treaty which defined the common policy of the two emperors. But Alexander's relations with Napoleon none the less suffered a change. He realized that in Napoleon sentiment never got the better of reason, that as a matter of fact he had never intended his proposed "grand enterprise" seriously, and had only used it to preoccupy the mind of the tsar while he consolidated his own power in central Europe. From this moment the French alliance was for Alexander also not a fraternal agreement to rule the world, but an affair of pure policy. He.
Tennessee - ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 18, 1866, and was the first state readmitted to the Union (July 24 of the same year). major historical events that occurred in state Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor after the American Civil War Law and Government Tennessee's governor holds office for a four year term and may serve any number of terms, but not more than two in a row. The speaker of the state Senate has the title of lieutenant governor. See:List of Tennessee Governors. The General Assembly, ( the state's legislature) consists of the Senate which has 33 members and the House of Representatives with 99 members. Senators serve four year terms, and House members.
Constitution - form, structure, activities, character, and fundamental rules. To view particular constitutions, refer to the list of national constitutions. The term comes from Latin constitutio, which referred to any important law, usually issued by the emperor, and was widely used in canon law to indicate certain relevant decisions, mainly of the pope. Particular kinds of organisations that often use the concept of Constitution include: Governmental bodies (transnational, national or regional) Voluntary organisations Trade unions Political parties An organisation may be given specific powers on the condition that it abides by this constitution or charter limitation. The Latin term ultra vires describes activities that fall outside an organisation's or parliamentary body's constitutional activities. For example, a student union may be prohibited from engaging in activities not concerning students as students, if the student.
Czechoslovakia - II period). On January 1, 1993, it split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Československo Coat of Arms [1] (In Detail) National motto: Pravda vítězí (Truth prevails) Official languages Czech and Slovak Capital Prague Area (1991) 127,900 km² Population (1991) 15,600,000 Czechs 54.1%, Slovaks 31%, Moravians 8.7%, Hungarians 3.8%, Gypsies 0.7% Currency Czechoslovak koruna (Kcs) = 100 halers Time zone UTC+1 National anthem Kde domov muj + Nad Tatrou sa blýska ISO 3166-1 CS See also: Czech Republic and Slovakia Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Basic Characteristics 2 Official Names 3 History 4 Regents 5 International Agreements and Membership 6 Administrative Divisions 7 Population and Ethnic Groups 8 Religion 9 Health, Social Welfare and Housing 10 Politics 11 Government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary) 12 Constitutional Development 13 Society and social groups 14.
Separation of church and state - separation of church and state is a concept in law wherein the functions of state or national government are kept separate from those of religion. It has long been a topic of political debate. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Motivations 2 Secularism and theocracy 3 Enactment 4 Countries with stable separation 4.1 France 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Germany 4.4 Sweden 4.5 United States of America 4.5.1 Controversies regarding separation in the United States 4.6 Other countries 5 Countries with stable state churches 5.7 Finland 6 Countries in flux 6.8 Russia 7 Religious believers who want separation 8 Believers against separation 9 Non-believers who favor legal separation 10 References 10.9 World views on separation 10.10 American court battles over separation 10.11 American activism over separation Motivations There are a number of reasons.
Politics of the United States - was the last step in an evolutionary process. Prior to the Constitution, there were the governments of the separate colonies (later states) and, prior to those, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks accomplished by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny settlements they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked from their ship in 1620, they formulated the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed westward, each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system untouched. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely recognized the need for a series of governments more directly in contact.
Official language - official language is a language that is specifically designated to be so in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories. (States and areas without a constitution, by this definition, lack official languages.) Half the countries in the world have official languages. Some have only one official language, such as Albania, France (although there are more native languages in France) or Germany. Some have more than one official language, as Belgium, Finland, Afghanistan, Paraguay, Bolivia, India, Switzerland and South Africa. In some countries, such as Iraq, Italy and Spain, there is an official language for the country, but other languages are co-official in some important regions. Some countries, such as the United States, have no official languages, but there are official languages in some US states (See Languages in the United.
North Carolina - and the American Civil War, North Carolina worked to establish its state and local governments. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. In mid-century the state's rural and commercial areas were further connected by construction of a 129 mile wooden plank road, known as a "farmer's railroad," from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem). Divided on whether to support the North or the South in the Civil War, North Carolina seceded from the Union in 1861. Over the past century, North Carolina has grown to become a leader in agriculture and industry. The state's industrial output--mainly textiles, chemicals, electrical equipment, paper and paper products--ranked eighth in the nation in the early 1990s. Tobacco, one of North Carolina's earliest sources of revenue, remains.
Mail - is called mail or post. In principle a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with postage (tax) on the article prepaid, often in the form of stamps. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early postal systems 1.1 Assyria 1.2 China 1.3 Rome 1.4 Other systems 2 Modern mail 2.5 Organization 2.6 Payment 2.7 Rules and etiquette 2.8 The rise of electronic correspondence 2.9 Collecting 2.10 Deregulation 3 Famous letters 4 List of national postal services Early postal systems Communication via written documents that an intermediary carries from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back almost to the invention of writing. The development of a formal.
Juan Maria Solare: List of works - Juan Maria Solare: List of works This is a fairly complete list of works by composer and pianist Juan Maria Solare. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Stage works 2 Chamber music 3 Works for Solo Instruments 4 Lieder 5 Mixed Choir 6 Orchestra 7 Improvisations 8 Conceptual Works 9 Electronic Music Stage works "Veinticinco de agosto, 1983" [August the 25th, 1983]. (1992/1993) "Diez Estudios Escénicos" [Ten scenic Etudes] (Cologne-Mollina, June-July 1996) "Trio for One" Chamber music "Suite Modal" for flute and clarinet (1985) [5']. First performed by Silvia Gelós and Amelia Saftich at the Anfiteatro Promúsica in Buenos Aires on 12/SEP/1986. Published: Dohr Verlag (Köln) ED 95286 (ISMN M-2020-286-5). Recording by Regine Kuhn (flute) and Heidi Voss (clarinet), CD "Pifferari - Werke für Flöte und Klarinette", July 2001, Label.
International Criminal Court - to distinguish it from International Chamber of Commerce. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 How cases reach the ICC 2 Historical Background 3 Development of the ICC 4 Structure and powers 5 Role of United Nations 6 List of States parties 7 Opposition to the ICC 7.1 US objections 7.2 Israeli and Chinese objections 7.3 Other objections to the Statute 7.4 US measures against the ICC 7.4.1 American Servicemembers Protection Act 7.4.2 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1422 7.4.3 "Article 98" agreements 8 External Links How cases reach the ICC Cases may be be referred to the ICC by one of four methods: A country member of the Assembly of States Parties sends the case; A country that has chosen to accept the ICC's jurisdiction sends the case; The Security Council sends.
International Court of Justice - as may be authorized to do so by the General Assembly in accordance with the United Nations Charter. It also deals with crime against international law. The seat of the Court is in The Hague, The Netherlands. It is composed of fifteen judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Judges serve for nine years and may be re-elected. No two may be nationals of the same country. One-third of the Court is elected every three years. An American has always been a member of the Court. Questions before the Court are decided by a majority of judges present. Only states may be parties in cases before the International Court of.
International Organization for Standardization - for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard setting body of representatives of national standards bodies, that produces world-wide industrial and commercial standards. While the ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards which often become law through treaties or national standards makes it more powerful than most NGOs, and in practice it acts as a consortium with strong links to governments. Partipants include one standards body from each member country and major corporations. ISO cooperates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which is responsible for standardization of electrical equipment. The organization is usually referred to simply as ISO (pronounced eye-so). It is a common misconception that ISO stands for International Standards Organization, or something similar. ISO is not an acronym; it comes from the Greek word.
International standard - different groups come together, each with a large user base doing some well established thing that between them is mutually incompatible. There are many National Standards, but overall the International Organization for Standardization, based in Geneva, Switzerland has established tens of thousands of standards covering almost every conceivable topic. Most of these are then adopted worldwide replacing all the incompatible 'homegrown' standards. Many of these standards are naturally evolved from those designed in-house within an industry, or by a particular country, whilst others have been built from scratch by groups of experts who sit on various Technical Committees. See also: List of ISO standards.
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture - the fair use and equitable benefit sharing, in harmony with Convention on Biological Diversity. It also recognises the Farmers’ Rights to freely access genetic resources, to use and save seeds, under national laws. The Treaty will implement a Multilateral System of access to a list of 64 of the most important food and forage crops essential for food security and interdependence for those countries that ratify the treaty. It includes a funding mechanism that receives shares arising from the commercial utilization of plant genetic resources under the system. The treaty is monitored by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) of the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Some believe it is aimed at being an example of responsible global governance, ensuring the resources to be kept.
